Epichlorohydrin ep

Commercial grade chitosan, which has a degree of deacetylation of 85.6% determined by hydrogen bromide titrimetric analysis [29 (link)] and a viscosimetric molar weight of 106 kDa determined by viscosity measurements [30 (link)] was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Commercial grade β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) (molecular weight, 1134.98 g/mol) with purity ≥98% and epichlorohydrin (EP) with purity ≥98% were also purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Carbendazim (purity >98%) was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and was used without further purification. Other chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade. The redistilled water was used throughout. S. sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary was provided by the Research and Development Center of Biorational Pesticide, Northwest A & F University.

Curcumin, ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid), and DPPH (1,1′-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). β-CD (chemical purity) was purchased from Shangdong Xinda Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Zibo, China). Epichlorohydrin (EP) and ethylene glycol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). RPMI 1640 medium were purchased from Hyclone Company (South Logan, UT, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and the antibiotic mixture (penicillin-streptomycin) were purchased from Gibco Company (Grand Island, NY, USA). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Dojindo Company (Kumamoto, Japan). Caspase 3 assay kit (ab39401), Caspase 8 assay kit (ab39700), and Caspase 9 assay kit (ab65608) were purchased from Abcam Company (Cambridge, UK). Annexin V/PI apoptosis kit were purchased from MultiScience Company (Hangzhou, China). Sodium hydroxide and other reagents were of analytical grade and were purchased from Nanjing Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Nanjing, China). Double distilled and sterilized water was used to prepare all solutions.