Qualtrics

Study data were recorded using Qualtrics (Qualtrics.com">www.Qualtrics.com; Qualtrics, Provo, UT, September 2014) and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS; IBM Corp, Armonk, NY. Version 22; 2013). Descriptive statistics of survey respondents and survey results were calculated. Chi-square tests were used to examine the relationship between demographic variables (gender, years of practice, hours of practice, and population size) and pharmacists’ attitudes, knowledge, and perceptions toward treatment of chronic pain. Odds ratios and confidence intervals were estimated for statistically significant variables.
A post-hoc calculation for sample size indicated a sample size of 385 was required to detect significant differences for a margin of error of 0.05 and an assumed standard deviation of 0.5.

Procedures developed by the ARC team and captured in various training and “how to” guides contributed to the standardized implementation of study activities related to data collection, coding, entry, and storage. Quantitative data are inscribed directly into Qualtrics, a centralized data collection tool, and transferred to SPSS (IBM) for analyses. For qualitative data, interview notes or transcripts and open-ended answers to survey questions are entered into (NVivo; QSR International), a software that facilitates content analysis.

Data will be collected using Qualtrics, and then managed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 27. Data will be stored in files on secure university servers. Central tendencies (means) from Questionnaire 1 will be calculated and presented graphically to Round 2 participants (Questionnaire 2). Final data analysis will occur when Questionnaire 2 is closed and will consist of descriptive analysis to describe the sample demographics, as well as to describe the level of consensus reached for each item. Specifically, means, standard deviations, ranges and modes will be used to describe the level of consensus. As such, due to the exploratory nature of the study and of previous literature [57 (link)], we will document the degree of consensus and also variability that naturally emerges among our clinician sample in Round 1, then across Round 2 we will use the commonly used threshold of 80% item agreement to determine formal consensus in the final analysis of study results. Qualitative analysis techniques including content analysis will be used to analyze comments from participants, such as additional topic suggestions.