Starch indicator

Polyphenol‐containing extract (PPP) isolated from Georgia‐grown pomegranate peels were microencapsulated by following the method previously reported by our group (Yang et al., 2022 (link)). In short, PPP was homogenized with a mixture of maltodextrin: pomegranate peel pectin (ratio 3:1, w/w) to create PPP suspensions (core: wall materials = 1:5, w/w). Then, the PPP suspensions were spray‐dried to produce microencapsulated MPP powders. A commercial grape seed extract (GSE) (Grape seed extract, Zazzee, Montebello, NY, USA) was purchased from a local store in Griffin, GA. Peanut oil, white wine vinegar, salt, red pepper flakes, garlic powder, basil leaves, and oregano were obtained from a local supermarket in Griffin, GA, USA. Iodine monochloride Wijs solution, chloroform, potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, starch indicator, glacial acetic acid, iso‐octane, 1, 1, 3, 3‐tetraethoxtpropane, trichloroacetic acid, and 2‐thiobarbituric acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).

Kabuli chickpea (500 kg) and sorghum (500 kg) were purchased from Diefenbaker Spice & Pulse (Elbow, SK, Canada) and Sinner Bros. & Bresnahan Food Inc. (Casselton, ND, USA), respectively. Glacial acetic acid, chloroform, methanol, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid (37% w/w), and starch indicator (1% w/v aqueous solution) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). Isooctane (2, 2, 4‐trimethylpentane), potassium dichromate, potassium iodide, p‐anisidine, sodium thiosulfate, chymotrypsin (from bovine pancreas 4129 Type II, lyophilized powder, P40 units/mg protein), trypsin (from bovine pancreas 4129 Type IX‐S, lyophilized powder, 13,000–20,000 BAEE units/mg), and protease (from Streptomyces grisseus Type XIV, P3.5 units/mg) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). All reagents were of analytical grade.