Para nitrophenyl α d glucopyranoside pnpg

The α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, para-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), acarbose, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) from porcine kidney, Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide (GP-p-NA), diprotin A, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O111: B4, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), indomethacin, quercetin, gallic acid, human insulin, dexamethasone (DEX), isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX), metformin, and glucose (GO) assay kits were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO. USA). Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, high glucose (DMEM, high glucose), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium, trypsin-EDTA, trypan blue dyes, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, CA, USA). Ethanol, methanol, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and acetone (as analytical grades) were purchased from Labscan Asia Co., Bangkok, Thailand.

Analytical grade chemicals such as acetic acid, chloroform, ethanol, methanol, sulfuric acid, powdered glucose, mercuric iodide, nitric acid, potassium sodium tartrate, anhydrous sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, iodine, potassium dichromate, bismuth nitrate and ammonia solution were all obtained from Merck, Germany. Tartaric acid, picric acid, lead acetate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and ferric chloride were supplied by Loba, India. Other reagents include distilled water, castor oil, potassium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), DPPH (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), alpha-naphthol (Unichem, China), cupric sulfate (Qualikems, India), sodium bicarbonate (Guangdong Guanghua chemical factory, China), polysorbate-80 (Research-Lab Fine Chem Industries, India), alpha-glucosidase enzyme from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, para-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) (Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland). Standard drugs diclofenac sodium, glibenclamide and voglibose used in this study were procured from Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh.