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13 protocols using fgfr3

1

Investigating Oncogenic Signaling Pathways

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Gefitinib (ZD1839), osimertinib (AZD9291), BGJ398, dactolisib (BEZ235) and PD0332991 were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Reagents were formulated and stored according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The following primary antibodies were used: AKT (#9272), p-AKT S473 (#9271), mTOR (#2983), p-mTOR S2448 (#2971), S6K (#9205S), p-S6K Thr389 (#9202S), S6 (#2217), p-S6 Ser235/236 (#4858), and FGFR3 (#4574) from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); Shisa3 (#167069, for Western blot), FGFR1 (#ab10646) and p-FGFR3 Y724 (#ab155960) from Abcam (Cambridge, MA); p-FGFR1 T653/T654 (#06–1433) from Merck Millipore (Darmstadt, Germany), cyclin D1 (#sc-8396), CDK4 (#sc-23,896), CDK6 (#sc-7961), and p16 (#sc-166,760) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA); β-actin (#HRP-60008) from Proteintech Group (Rosemont, IL, USA). The secondary HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (#CW0103S) and anti-mouse antibodies (#CW0102S) were from CWBIO (Beijing, China).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Signaling Pathways

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Whole-cell lysates were prepared in a standard cell extraction buffer (Life Technologies) supplemented with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma). Lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 20,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C, and total protein concentrations were determined by micro-bicinchoninic assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Approximately 20 μg of total protein was loaded per lane on 4%–12% gradient polyacrylamide gels (Thermo Fisher Scientific) under denaturing and reducing conditions and transferred to 0.2 μm nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad). After probing with antibodies, membranes were imaged on a LI-COR Odyssey CLx system. Densitometry measurements were calculated using Image Studio software version 5.2.5 (LI-COR). Antibodies used for western blotting included pEGFR (Tyr 1068, #3777), EGFR (#2232), pMET (Tyr 1234/35, #3126), MET (#8198), pERK (Thr 202/Tyr 204, #4377), ERK (#4695), SPRY2 (#14954), HA (#2367), pFRS2α (Tyr 436, #3861), FGFR1 (#9740), FGFR3 (#4574), pNF-κB (Ser 536, #3033), NF-κB (#8242), pFRA1 (Ser 265, #5841), pAKT (Ser 473, #4060), AKT (#9272), and c-Jun (#9165) from Cell Signaling Technology in addition to GAPDH (sc-32233) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. Infrared dye-conjugated secondary antibodies for western blotting were purchased from Rockland Immunochemicals.
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3

Investigating EGFR and FGF Signaling Pathways

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The following antibodies were used: phospho EGFR Y1068 (Abcam AB5644),
phospho EGFR Y1068 (Cell Signaling 3777), EGFR (Cell Signaling 2646), EGFR (Cell
Signaling 4267), phospho ERK1/2 T202/Y204 (Cell Signaling 9101), phospho ERK1/2,
T202/Y204 (Cell Signaling 4370), ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling 9102), phospho AKT S473
(Cell Signaling 4060), AKT1/2/3 (Santa Cruz sc-8312), BIM (Cell Signaling 2933),
Actin (Cell Signaling 4970), Actin-HRP conjugated (Cell Signaling 12262), FGFR1
(Cell Signaling 9740), and FGFR3 (Cell Signaling 4574), phospho FRS2α
Y436 (Cell Signaling 3861), E-Cadherin (Cell Signaling 3195), N-Cadherin (Cell
Signaling 13116), Zeb1 (Cell Signaling 3396), Vimentin (Cell Signaling 5741).
Gefitinib, WZ4002, AZD9291, and BGJ398 (all from Selleck) were dissolved in DMSO
to a final concentration of 10 mmol/liter and stored at −20 °C.
The 18 drugs tested in the long-term assay are listed in Supplemental Table 3.
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4

Immunoblotting of FGF Receptor Signaling

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Total protein lysates were extracted from untreated cell lines as well as 48 h after siRNA transfection or 2 or 5 h after inhibitor treatment. For western blot analysis equal amounts of total protein were loaded on NuPAGE® Bis-Tris Gels (Life Technologies). Electrophoretically separated proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane and unspecific binding was blocked with 5% milk/PBS-Tween. Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C (FGFR2 1:500; ACTB 1:5000, AC-15, both Sigma Aldrich; FGFR1 1:500; FGFR4 1:500, AM11076PU-N, both from Acris Antibodies, San Diego CA, U.S.A.; FGFR3 1:500, D2G7E; phospho-FGFR 1:500, 55H2; ERK1/2 1:1000; phospho-ERK1/2 1:1000, 20G11, all from CellSignaling Technology, Danvers MA, U.S.A.; HPRT 1:1000, abcam). After incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody SuperSignal West Pico or Femto Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Scientific) was used for detection.
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5

Antibody Immunoblotting for Cell Cycle and Apoptosis

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PTX and BGJ398 were purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). The following antibodies against the following proteins were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA): cyclin D1 (sc-753), cyclin B1 (sc-752), cyclin A (sc-751), p27 (sc-1641), PARP (sc-8007), β-actin (sc-130656). Antibodies against Snail (cs#3879), E-cadherin (cs#3195), vimentin (cs#5741), FGFR1 (cs#9740), FGFR3 (cs#4574), p21 (cs#2947), caspase-3 (cs#9668), γ-H2AX (cs#2577), β-actin (cs#4970), and cleaved caspase-9 (cs#7237) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). rhFGF and rhEGF proteins were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical and were obtained from commercial sources.
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6

Western Blot Analysis of Apoptosis Markers

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Cell lysates were prepared using lysis buffer (1% NP-40, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris pH7.5, supplemented with Complete Protease Inhibitors (Roche) and PhosSTOP (Roche)). Protein concentration was determined with Bio-Rad Protein Assay Dye (5000006), and lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE followed by blotting onto nitrocellulose membranes and incubation with primary antibody (1:1000 in 5% milk) overnight. After washing in TBS/T and incubation with secondary antibody (Li-Cor IRDye 800CW donkey anti-rabbit, 926-32213, dilution 1:20000), blots were developed on a Li-Cor Odyssey CLx system and acquired using Imagestudio (Li-Cor). The following primary antibodies were used: Actin (A4700, Sigma), BAK (12105, Cell Signaling), BAX (2772, Cell Signaling), BCL-2 (4223, Cell Signaling), ERK1/2 (4695, Cell Signaling), basic FGF (20102, Cell Signaling), FGFR1 (9740, Cell Signaling), FGFR3 (4574, Cell Signaling), FGFR4 (8562, Cell Signaling), GFP (In house), HSP60 (4870, Cell Signaling), MCL-1 (5453, Cell Signaling), pERK1/2 (4370, Cell Signaling), Caspase 3 (9662, Cell Signaling), Caspase 9 (9502, Cell Signaling), PARP1 (9532, Cell Signaling) alpha-Tubulin (T5168, Sigma) and cleaved Caspase 3 (9664, Cell Signaling).
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7

Inhibition of HSP90 in B-cell Malignancies

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A high-affinity HSP90-inhibitor, AUY922 [30 (link)] was purchased from Selleckchem. Antibodies to HSP90αβ, PLCγ2, BCAP, CD19, AXL, BCL2, GAPDH and actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies. Antibodies to CD79a, CD79b, LYN, SYK, BTK, AKT, P-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, STAT3, PTPN22, FGFR3, and MCL-1 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technologies. XIAP antibody, chromogen-conjugated antibodies to human CD5 and CD19 or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated annexin V were obtained from BD Biosciences or Invitrogen, respectively. Propidium iodide (PI) and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma or Bio-Rad. Replication-deficient lentiviral constructs expressing HSP90-specific shRNA or GFP tagged control scrambled shRNA were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnologies.
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8

Protein Extraction and Analysis of RMS Cells

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Total cellular protein from human RMS cell lines was obtained by lysis in 2% SDS buffer supplemented with protease inhibitors (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Samples were boiled, vortexed and homogenized by passage through a syringe. 20-50ug of protein was loaded onto 4%–20% Mini-Protean TGX gels (Biorad) and transferred onto PVDF membranes. GTP-bound RHOA and RAC1 were precipitated using pull-down activation assay Biochem Kits, according to manufacturer’s recommendations (Cytoskeleton). Antibodies against VANGL2 (2G4, Dr. Jean-Paul Borg and Millipore), PAX7 (DSHB), MYOG (Santa Cruz, M-225), FGFR3 (Cell Signaling, C51F2), CD133 (Cell Signaling, D2V8Q), GAPDH (Cell Signaling, 14C10), RHOA (Cell Signaling, 67B9), RAC1 (Cytoskeleton, C7H2) were used.
Uninfected or stably-infected cells were plated in flat, clear bottom 96 well plates and fixed at the specified time point in 4% PFA/PBS for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were washed in 1x PBS, permeabilized in 0.5% Triton X-100/PBS, washed in 0.1% PBST and incubated with primary antibody overnight. Fluorescently-conjugated secondary antibody was used at 1:1000 dilution with 1:5000 DAPI to stain nuclei. Cells were washed in 1x PBS and imaged using a LSM710 Zeiss Laser scanning confocal microscope. Images were processed using ZEN software and and quantifications were made using ImageJ software.
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9

Investigating EGFR and FGF Signaling Pathways

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The following antibodies were used: phospho EGFR Y1068 (Abcam AB5644),
phospho EGFR Y1068 (Cell Signaling 3777), EGFR (Cell Signaling 2646), EGFR (Cell
Signaling 4267), phospho ERK1/2 T202/Y204 (Cell Signaling 9101), phospho ERK1/2,
T202/Y204 (Cell Signaling 4370), ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling 9102), phospho AKT S473
(Cell Signaling 4060), AKT1/2/3 (Santa Cruz sc-8312), BIM (Cell Signaling 2933),
Actin (Cell Signaling 4970), Actin-HRP conjugated (Cell Signaling 12262), FGFR1
(Cell Signaling 9740), and FGFR3 (Cell Signaling 4574), phospho FRS2α
Y436 (Cell Signaling 3861), E-Cadherin (Cell Signaling 3195), N-Cadherin (Cell
Signaling 13116), Zeb1 (Cell Signaling 3396), Vimentin (Cell Signaling 5741).
Gefitinib, WZ4002, AZD9291, and BGJ398 (all from Selleck) were dissolved in DMSO
to a final concentration of 10 mmol/liter and stored at −20 °C.
The 18 drugs tested in the long-term assay are listed in Supplemental Table 3.
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10

Antibody Panel for Cancer Signaling

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Antibodies against AKT (#9272), FGFR-3 (#4574), FGFR-4 (#8562), p70S6K (#9202), Survivin (#2803), Cdk2 (#2546), Cdc25C (#4688), Cyclin B1 (#4138), cleaved caspase 3 (#9661), cleaved PARP (#5625), Cdc2 (#9112), Rb (#9313), S6R (#2217), 4EBP1 (#9452) and α-tubulin (#2144) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA. Phosphorylation-specific antibodies against AKT Ser473 (#9271), FRS2-α Tyr439 (#3861), p70S6K Thr421/424 (#9204), S6R Ser235./236 (#2211), 4EBP1 Thr70 (#9455), Histone 3 Ser10 (#9701), Cdc2 Tyr15 (#9111), p-mTOR (#2971), p-Rb (#9308) and ERK1/2 Thr202/Tyr204 (#4370) were also obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA. The antibodies against FGFR-2 (sc-122), ERK1/2 (sc-94), FRS2-α (sc-17841), E2F1 (sc-251) and p27 (sc-528) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. The antibody LYVE-1 (AB-2988) was obtained from EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA. The anti-mouse CD31 (#2502) antibody was obtained from BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA. Infigratinib and Sorafenib were purchased from Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA. Bevacizumab (Avastin) was from Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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