Nanoman

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to observe the surface structure of Aβ (1–42) aggregates (43 (link), 44 (link)). In this experiment, morphologies of Aβ (1–42) aggregates were characterized with a Nanoman vs. AFM (Bruker, Germany) with tapping mode. Aβ (1–42) was pretreated with hexafluoro-isopropyl alcohol (HFIP) and freeze-dried into powder. The freeze-dried powder was dissolved with 20 mmol/L NaOH and diluted into the experimental concentration with 10 mmol/L PBS buffer (pH 7.4) solution. Samples taken from incubated Aβ (1–42) solutions or Aβ (1–42)/Ma-3-gal-Cl mixtures were dropped on Ni²⁺-treated mica sheets, briefly washed with ultrapure water, and eventually dried under the gentle nitrogen stream.

The morphologies of BPQDs were recorded with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) with a working voltage of 200 kV (JEOL, JEM-2100, Japan). The TEM imaging of Apt-bioinspired MVs and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were performed using a field-emission TEM (Talos F200S). The SEM image of Apt-bioinspired MVs was obtained on a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Zeiss Merlin Compact). Atomic force microscope (AFM, Veeco, NanoMan) was performed using Bruker Multimode 8 operated in tapping mode. The NIR laser-induced heat conversion curves and photos were obtained with the FLIR A35 infrared thermal imaging camera (USA). UV–vis absorbance spectra were recorded on a UV–vis absorbance spectrometer (UV-2550, Shimadzu, Japan). The cell viability was tested on a confocal laser scanning microscope (FV1200, Olympus, Japan). The binding of aptamer with cells was evaluated by an Olympus D71 fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan). The tissue distribution was evaluated on an IVIS Lumina XR Imaging System (Caliper, America). Microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) reconstruction was recorded by the μ-CT imaging system (μ-CT50, Bruker Skyscan1172, Germany). The histomorphological analysis was carried out on an Olympus DP72 microscope (Olympus, Japan).