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34 protocols using 3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyl 2h tetrazolium bromide mtt

1

Phototoxic Effect of Doxorubicin and Photosensitizers

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Phosphate buffer saline (PBS), doxorubicin (DOXO), deuterium oxide (D2O), DNA sodium salt from calf thymus, sodium azide (NaN3), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and the photosensitizing agents pheophorbide a (PhA) and Rose Bengal (RB) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). LysoTracker Green DND-26 was purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) was from Chemodex Ltd. (St. Gallen, Switzerland).
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2

Antifungal MIC Determination of Eugenol

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The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for eugenol (Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States) was determined by the antifungal microdilution susceptibility standard test proposed by the CLSI M27-A3 method (Institute Clinical and Laboratory Standards, 2008 ). The inoculum was prepared in sterile saline and the transmittance of the suspensions was adjusted to 75–77% (530 nm), followed by further dilution in RPMI-1640 buffered with MOPS (Sigma–Aldrich, St Louis, MO, United States) medium to achieve 1.0 × 103 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/mL. The final concentrations ranged from 2 to 1024 mg/L for eugenol. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 72 h. The MIC for eugenol was determined visually as 100% growth inhibition when compared to the control. The results were confirmed by adding the salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Sigma–Aldrich, St Louis, MO, United States) (5.0 mg/mL) to determine the reduction in the metabolic cell activity. Briefly, the plates were incubated at 35°C for 3 h and DMSO was added before spectrophotometric reading at 490 nm. The MIC endpoint for interpreting the results was 100% of reduction in metabolic activity for eugenol compared with the control. The isolate Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 was used as a quality control. All the tests were performed in duplicate for each strain.
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Tyrosol Derivatives

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Two series of tyrosol derivatives bearing 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole (3ae) and 1,4-disubstituted triazole (4ae) were synthesized and characterized as described previously by Aissa et al. [21 (link)]. Imatinib mesylate (STI571), used as a reference therapeutic molecule, Ficoll–Hypaque and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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4

Botanical Compounds Cytotoxicity Assay

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Baicalin and baicalein (purity > 95%, HPLC) were purchased from Meilun Bio (Dalian, China). Wogonin (purity > 99%, HPLC) was purchased from Desite Bio (Chengdu, China). Baicalin, baicalein and wogonin were dissolved in DMSO at 200 mM, 10 mM or 40 mM respectively and stored at -20°C. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Matrigel was purchased from BD Biocoat (New Jersey, USA). Cycloheximide (CHX) was from MedChem Express (New Jersey, USA). LY294002 was from Cell Signaling Technology. α-bungarotoxin(α-BT) was obtained from Abcam Company. PP2 was purchased from Enzo Biochem.
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5

In Vitro Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities

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SLB, SLM, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and CCl4 (99.9%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). SLP was purchased from Medix, S.A. de C.V. (México City, D.F. México), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from ACS Research Organics (Cleveland, OH, USA). Total antioxidant capacity (TAOxC), GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were purchased from Kit OXItek (Buffalo, NY, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium advanced (DMEMA) with and without phenol red, fetal bovine serum, trypsin 0.25% (1×), penicillin G (100 IU/mL), streptomycin (100 μg/mL), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Gibco Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, United States). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were measured using an ILab 300 Plus chemistry analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA, USA).
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6

Endothelin-1 Receptor Antagonist Evaluation

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Endothelin-1 was obtained from Tocris Biosciences (Bristol, UK). Ambrisentan, bosentan, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.25% trypsin-EDTA solution, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin (P/S), and other cell culture reagents were acquired from Gibco (Grand Island, NY, USA).
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7

Cultivation of HEK293, RAW264.7, and Trypanosoma cells

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HEK293 kidney cells and mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells were obtained from ATCC (Rockville, MD) and maintained in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 100 U/mL penicillin-streptomycin. FBS was heat inactivated for 30 min at 56°C. Mammalian cells were grown at 37°C in a Heraeus water-jacketed incubator with 5% CO2. Bloodstream form T. b. brucei Lister 427 cells were cultured in HMI-9 medium with 10% FBS at 37°C in a Heraeus water-jacketed incubator with 7.5% CO2. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) reagents were ordered from Promega life science (Madison, WI). 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was ordered from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukie, WI).
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8

Chlorpyrifos Cytotoxicity Assay Protocol

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Chlorpyrifos (CPF) was purchased from Chem Service Inc. (West Chester, PA). CPF solutions were freshly prepared in 0.05% DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) with l-Glutamine and 25 mM HEPES was acquired from Life Tech (Grand Island, NY). Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was obtained from Lonza Group Ltd. (Walkersville, MD); and Penicillin-Streptomycin and 1× trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) were from Cellgro Mediatech Inc. (Manassas, VA). Restriction enzymes, Sau3A1 and NheI, were ordered from New England BioLabs Inc. (Ipswich, MA). Pfu Turbo HotStart DNA Polymerase was ordered from Agilent (Santa Clara, CA).
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9

Evaluating L-citrulline's Effects on HeLa Cell Apoptosis

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Human cervix adenocarcinoma HeLa (ATCC® CCL-2™) cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, USA). L-citrulline was obtained from Akcan Kimya (Turkey); fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Caspase 3/7 and Annexin-V Kits were from Merck, Millipore, USA. All analyses were repeated three times, and the average of the obtained values was accepted as the analysis result.
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of Cholesterol-Conjugated HSP27 Inhibitor

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All chemical spectral analyses were conducted at Kuwait University Research Center. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using Polygram SIL G/UV 254 TLC plates, and the results were visualized under ultraviolet light at 254 and 350 nm, with hexane/ethyl acetate as a solvent. Column chromatography was performed using silica gel 60A with a mesh size of 40–60 µm. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were obtained using a Bruker DPX 600 NMR spectrophotometer at 600 MHz and 150 MHz in DMSO and CDCL3, respectively. Mass spectra were detected on a GC-MS DFS–Thermo spectrometer. An IR spectrum was obtained with a Jasco 6300 FTIR spectrometer. Melting point was determined using a Netzsch DSC 204 F1 Phoenix differential scanning calorimeter.
SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. A cholesterol-conjugated HSP27 inhibitor was synthesized in our laboratory. Cell culture media and other supplements, such as 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Chemicals and reagents are commercially available and ready for direct use, requiring no preparation. Biological parameters were examined at the Biology Department, Kuwait University.
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