Jsm 7610f microscope

The nanoparticles were imaged by SEM using a JEOL JSM-7610F microscope (Japan) at 15 kV without any pretreatment. For TEM imaging, a JEOL JEM-1400 microscope was used at 100 kV by placing a drop of nanoparticles diluted in ethanol on a copper grid and dried at 60 °C. Infrared (IR) spectra were acquired using a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum BX instrument (USA), using KBr pellets at the region of 400–4400 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The surface area, pore volume, and pore size were measured using N₂ physisorption isotherms on a Micrometrics Gemini 2375 volumetric analyzer (USA). Before analysis, samples were degassed at 140 °C for 10 h. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on a Perkin-Elmer Pyris 1 TGA instrument (USA) in a temperature range of 25–600 °C and a heating rate of 20 °C/min. XPS measurements were used (model number JPS-9030) manufactured by JOEL company, Japan. All samples were etched for 20 s by Ar gas to remove surface contamination inside an Ultra High Vacuum Chamber (UHV) of about 10⁻⁹ Torr. Particle size was measured at different pH values using DLS Malvern instruments (Zetasizer Nano ZS, UK) at 25 °C. UV spectra were obtained using a SpectraMax Plus 384 microplate reader (USA).

Viscosity of the reaction systems was traced by a tuning fork vibration viscometer, SV-1A (A&D Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with a block heater. The measurements were conducted at room temperature or 90 °C.
FT-IR spectra of reaction solutions and gels were recorded on a Jasco FT/IR-410 (JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The samples were put between KBr-Real Crystal IR-Card and Slip (International Crystal Laboratories, NJ, USA), and 30 scans were accumulated from 4000 to 500 cm⁻¹.
The mechanical properties of the gels or porous polymers were investigated by the compression test using Tensilon RTE-1210 (ORIENTEC Co. LTD., Tokyo, Japan). The test samples, wet gels as prepared state or dried porous polymers, were cut to 0.7–1 cm cubes, and pressed at a rate of 0.5 mm/min at room temperature. Compression test of the gels was conducted at 24 h after the gel formation.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the porous polymers were acquired by a JEOL (Tokyo, Japan) JSM-7610F microscope with a lower secondary electron image detector at an acceleration voltage of 3.0 kV.
The surface area of the porous polymers was measured by nitrogen sorption using an Autosorb 6AG (Quantachrome, FL, USA), and determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation.

The examination of the surface morphology was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Scanning electron micrographs were taken with JEOL JSM-7610F microscope (Tokyo, Japan). The films were frozen in liquid nitrogen, immediately snapped, and vacuum-dried. Then, the films were sputtered with gold and photographed. The coated specimens were kept in dry place before the analysis. The FE-SEM was obtained at 10 kV, which was considered to be a suitable condition for these samples. The average thickness of the dried BC films and NR–BC films was measured using the ImageJ program.