Unenhanced chest CT examinations for all enrolled patients were obtained before P-pGGNs resection via scanning machines (Optima CT660, Discovery CT750 HD, Revolution CT or LightSpeed16 from General Electric, SOMATOM Perspective or Emotion 16 from Siemens, Brilliance 16P from Philips). All patients underwent chest examinations with their hands in a supine position on either side of the head from the lung apex to the lung base. All patients were instructed to hold their breath for the whole scan period in a deep-inhalation state. Though various chest CT imaging protocols were used in this study, all examinations were performed with contiguous 1.00–1.50 mm axial sections and 1.00–1.50 mm slice intervals and 0.625–1.50 mm section thickness after reconstruction. Imaging parameters as follows: a matrix of 512 × 512, a tube current of 170–200 mA, a tube voltage of 120 kVp, rotation times of 0.5–0.6 s, and a full field of view. Data were reconstructed with a lung kernel algorithm.
Emotion 16
Manufactured by Siemens
Sourced in Germany, Japan
Emotion 16 is a laboratory equipment designed for accurate measurements and analysis. It features 16 measurement channels and provides reliable data capture for research and industrial applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Somatom definition flash, by Siemens (4 mentions)
Somatom perspective, by Siemens (3 mentions)
Somatom force, by Siemens (3 mentions)
Somatom sensation 64, by Siemens (3 mentions)
Somatom definition, by Siemens (3 mentions)
Aquilion 64, by Toshiba (3 mentions)
Somatom definition as, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Optima ct680 series, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
Brightspeed, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Sensation 40, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Discovery ct750 hd, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Optima ct660, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Brilliance 16p, by Philips (1 mentions)
Lightspeed 16, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Revolution ct, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Somatom definition edge, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Ge lightspeed vct, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Ge lightspeed 16, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Ge excite, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions)
Magnetom sonata, by Siemens (1 mentions)
35 protocols using emotion 16
1
Unenhanced Chest CT Examination Protocol
2
CT Imaging Protocol and Parameters
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CT examinations were performed on the following scanners: SOMATOM Definition Edge (n = 68), SOMATOM Definition AS+ (n = 52), SOMATOM Definition Flash (n = 86), SOMATOM Force (n = 3), Emotion 16 (n = 11) (all Siemens Healthcare), and GE LightSpeed VCT (n = 1) (GE Healthcare). Slice thickness was 1.49 ± 0.1 mm. Mean tube current was 327.9 ± 133.4 mAs and mean peak kilovoltage was 109.1 ± 9.9 kVp. Contrast agent was administered with injection rates ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 mL/s, using Ultravist or Iopamiro (both 370 mg iodine per mL).
3
3D Anatomical Model Reconstruction from CT/MRI Scans
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In order to obtain the virtual model, we analyzed the CT and MRI images of six patients, aged between 21 and 80 years old, dating from February 2013 until January 2019. These scans totalized 4226 images. The scans were performed at the Emergency County Hospital Craiova using a Emotion 16 (Siemens) equipment consisting of a magnetic resonance and a computer tomography device. After the scan analysis, we selected to use for the reconstruction of the model CT images of a male patient of 54 years old, as the other scans had pathological changes.
The images were imported in InVesalius 3.0 version, a free and open source software, which was used to convert the tomography tissues into three-dimensional geometry, performing the segmentation of the interest region. InVesalius is a medical imaging program for 3D reconstruction, using DICOM 2D image file sequences obtained with CT or MRI scanners. It allows the export of volumes or 3D surfaces as STL files in order to create the accurate anatomical model of the analyzed region, using three-dimensional scanning. This software is supported by several medical organizations and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The STL format information was further processed using Geomagic for SolidWork.
The images were imported in InVesalius 3.0 version, a free and open source software, which was used to convert the tomography tissues into three-dimensional geometry, performing the segmentation of the interest region. InVesalius is a medical imaging program for 3D reconstruction, using DICOM 2D image file sequences obtained with CT or MRI scanners. It allows the export of volumes or 3D surfaces as STL files in order to create the accurate anatomical model of the analyzed region, using three-dimensional scanning. This software is supported by several medical organizations and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The STL format information was further processed using Geomagic for SolidWork.
4
Detailed RF Ablation Protocol for Tumors
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All patients underwent RF ablation, under general anesthesia. The ablation procedures were performed with the Cool-Tip RF ablation device (200 W RF 2000 generator, Covidien, Sunnyvale, California, USA) by one interventional radiologist (12 years of experience). The electrodes were inserted into the tumor under CT-guidance (Emotion 16, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) and activated during at least 12 min depending on the size of the lesion. If required, the electrodes were repositioned during the procedure in order to effectively ablate the tumor [13 (link)]. In cases of multifocal tumor, several lesions were ablated during the same session.
5
Brain Imaging Protocol Across Modalities
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Brain computed tomography was performed using one of our multi-detector CT scanners, including GE LightSpeed 16, VCT (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA), SOMATOM Sensation 64, and Emotion 16 (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). Axial cuts were taken at the top of the C1 lamina through the top of the calvarium. Axial images were reconstructed with 5-mm-thick sections at 5-mm intervals. In some of our subjects, coronal reconstructed images of 5 mm thickness were also available.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed on a 1.5TMR unit, either GE Excite (GE Healthcare) or MAGNETOM Sonata (Siemens Healthcare). The scanning protocol included axial FLAIR, fast spin-echo T2-weighted sequences, and a coronal T1WI or a 3D T1WI. The axial slices were positioned to run parallel to a line that joins the most inferoanterior and inferoposterior parts of the corpus callosum and had a thickness of 5 mm with a gap of 1.5 mm.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed on a 1.5TMR unit, either GE Excite (GE Healthcare) or MAGNETOM Sonata (Siemens Healthcare). The scanning protocol included axial FLAIR, fast spin-echo T2-weighted sequences, and a coronal T1WI or a 3D T1WI. The axial slices were positioned to run parallel to a line that joins the most inferoanterior and inferoposterior parts of the corpus callosum and had a thickness of 5 mm with a gap of 1.5 mm.
6
Low-Dose CT Imaging Protocol
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Non-enhanced chest CT scan were performed in supine position, during inspiratory breath-hold, from the apex to the lung bases, with a 16-slice scanner (Emotion 16; Siemens AG, Forchheim, Germany). Low-dose CT acquisition was executed as follows: tube voltage, 110 KV if body weight ≤80 kg and 130 KV for patients >80 kg; tube current, 40 mAs; pitch, 1; collimation, 0.625 mm. Image data sets were reconstructed with 1-2 mm slice thickness range using both sharp kernels (B70f) with a standard lung window (1500 width; -500 center) and medium-soft kernels (B40f) with a soft-tissue window (300 width; 40 center).
7
Multidetector CT Scanning Protocol
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Subjects underwent multidetector CT spiral scans with 16 detector rows (Emotion 16; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany; Aquillion™ 16; Toshiba Medical Systems Corp, Tokyo, Japan) or dual‐source CT instrument (Siemens SOMATOM Definition; Flash, Germany) with the following scanning conditions: (1) 120 kVp; automatic milliamperes; pitch, 1.2; and 0.6‐s rotation; (2) 120 kV; 120 mAs; pitch 1.33; and 0.6‐s rotation; (3) 120 kVp; CareDose 4D intelligent mode, pitch, 1.2; and collimation, 128 × 0.6 mm, respectively. All imaging data were reconstructed using a lung sharp reconstruction algorithm with a thickness of 1.25 mm. CT images were acquired in the supine position at full inspiration; the scanning direction was from the head to the foot.
8
Standardized CT Scanning Protocol for COVID-19
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Plain CT scans were performed for all patients using multi-detector CT scanner (Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan; Emotion 16, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) at the time of admission. Patients were placed in a supine position with their breath held at the end of inspiration, and the scanning range was from the chest entrance to the bottom of the lungs. The parameters used were as follows: thickness of the slices 1 mm, interslice gap 1 mm, matrix 512 mm × 512 mm; and tube voltage 80 kV, current 200 mA, pitch 0.813/HP 65.0, and dose-length product 36–51 mGy∙cm. The CT scan was performed by technicians with over 5 years of experience. Comprehensive protective measures for technicians included wearing isolation gowns, caps, masks, protective goggles, gloves, and shoe covers. Scanning rooms were regularly disinfected. Children under the age of 4 years were examined after sedation to reduce artifacts. All patients wore masks for protection.
9
Multidetector CT and Chest Radiograph Protocol
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All noncontrast CT scans were obtained in the supine position at full inspiration using a multidetector CT scanner with 16 or more detector channels (Emotion 16, Somatom Sensation 64, Somatom Definition, Somatom Definition AS+, and Somatom Force; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). The CT tube voltage and current were 120 kVp, and a standard-dose or low-dose setting with automatic exposure control was used according to institutional protocols. Axial CT images were reconstructed with a slice thickness of 1 mm (3 mm in a minority of the cases) and a sharp reconstruction kernel. Chest radiographs were obtained using the following devices: DRX-Revolution (Carestream Health, Rochester, NY); Optima XR220 (GE Healthcare, Chicago, Ill); Fluorospot Compact FD (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany); and CXDI (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). All chest radiographs consisted of single frontal view. Fourteen chest radiographs were taken at upright position with posteroanterior projection, and the remaining were taken with anteroposterior (AP) projection in supine position or sitting position.
10
Finite Element Modeling of Flatfoot Biomechanics
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Computer tomography scan (Emotion 16, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) was performed on the patient's right foot one-month postoperatively as determined by the orthopedic surgeon based on the patient condition. The resolution was 0.425 mm at 1-mm slice interval. The ankle joint was put at 90° with minimal support or compression on the plantar foot during the scan [18 ].
The geometry of the osseous structure and the encapsulated bulk tissue was segmented and reconstructed using commercially available software Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) and Rapidform (INUS Technology Ltd., Seoul, Korea) (Figure 1 ). Ligaments, muscles/tendons, and plantar fascia were built using one-dimensional truss and connectors linking relevant insertion points on the reconstructed osseous geometry. The reconstructed geometry was confirmed with colleagues with expertise in anatomy [15 ]. The skin layer was defined by assigning a 2-mm membrane thickness over the encapsulated bulk tissue [19 (link)]. The geometry of the cartilage was disregarded but resembled by frictionless and nonlinear contact behavior between cartilaginous layer [20 ], whereas the coefficient of friction between the encapsulated bulk tissue and ground plate was 0.6 [21 (link)].Fig. 1 ![]()
The geometry of the osseous structure and the encapsulated bulk tissue was segmented and reconstructed using commercially available software Mimics (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) and Rapidform (INUS Technology Ltd., Seoul, Korea) (
Finite element model of the foot and ankle complex of a patient with flatfoot.
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