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Pi max4 1024i

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The PI-MAX4 1024i is a high-performance intensified CCD camera designed for scientific and industrial applications. It features a 1024 x 1024 pixel array and a 25 mm intensifier with a multi-alkali photocathode. The camera is capable of low-light imaging and can operate at high frame rates.

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Lab products found in correlation

Varian linac 2100cd, by Agilent Technologies (2 mentions) Linac 2100cd, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)

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PI-MAX4

5 protocols using pi max4 1024i

1

Luminescence Imaging of Cherenkov Radiation

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Cherenkov emission was induced by a linear accelerator (Varian LINAC 2100CD, Palo Alto, California). The imaging system consisted of a time-gated intensified CCD camera (ICCD, PI-MAX4 1024i, Princeton Instruments) and a commercial lens (Canon EF 135 mm f/2L USM). The camera was focused on a mirror that reflected the imaging field ∼1  m away. The time-gated ICCD camera was synchronized to the radiation pulses ( ∼3.25  μs duration and 360 Hz repetition rate) with the intensifier set as ×100 and turned on at a 4.26- or 1000-μs gate delay following each radiation pulse for phosphorescence or background measurement, and luminescence generated during 85.60-μs gate width (PtG4 and MM2), or 7.77  μs [ Ir(btb)2(acac) ] was integrated via this ICCD. Images of the luminescence at different delay times between LINAC pulse and phosphorescence emission were acquired to construct emission lifetime. To maximize signal and minimize background interference, the room lights were shut off throughout these studies, and all lights in the room were masked off with black cloth and black tape.
Shell J.R., LaRochelle E.P., Bruza P., Gunn J.R., Jarvis L.A., Gladstone D.J, & Pogue B.W. (2019). Comparison of phosphorescent agents for noninvasive sensing of tumor oxygenation via Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 24(3), 036001.
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2

Cherenkov-Excited Luminescence Imaging

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As shown in Fig.1A, the light source of CELI is Cherenkov light generated in tissues induced by a linear accelerator (Varian Linac 2100CD, Varian Medical System), at the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. For radiotherapy, 6MV X-ray radiation delivered from the Linac with a beam size adjusted to cover the entire tumor for treatment purpose. The CELI imaging system was previously reported. In brief, a time-gated intensified CCD camera (ICCD, PI-MAX4 1024i, Princeton Instruments) coupled with a commercial lens (Canon EF 135mmf/2L USM) was used as the detector. To shield the MV X-ray, the camera was put in a homemade lead box about 2 meters away from the imaging field. A band pass filter with center wavelength of 750 nm and spectral bandwidth of 100 nm was used to collect phosphorescence from Oxyphor PtG4. The time-gated ICCD camera was synchronized with the radiation pulse, which was ~3.25 μs long delivered at 360 Hz repetition rate from the Linac. Four CELI images were acquired with the delay times of 5 μs, 10 μs, 20 μs, and 30 μs to fit the lifetime image. To accumulate high enough phosphorescence signals, the intensifier gain was set to the maximum of 100, and 360 repeat cycles were integrated with 200 μs gate width in each cycle. The Linac room was kept dark during the acquisition to minimize stray light.
Cao X., Allu S.R., Jiang S., Gunn J.R., Yao C., Jing X., Bruza P., Gladstone D.J., Jarvis L.A., Tian J., Swartz H.M., Vinogradov S.A, & Pogue B.W. (2020). High Resolution pO2 Imaging Improves Quantification of the Hypoxic Fraction in Tumors during Radiotherapy. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics, 109(2), 603-613.
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3

Quantifying Tissue Oxygen with CELI Imaging

Cited 1 time
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The experimental setup for CELI has been detailed in the previous studies.18 (link) A PI-MAX 4 1024i ICCD time-gated intensified camera (Princeton Instruments, Acton, Virginia) was used to collect luminescence excited by the radiation pulses provided by 6 megavolt (MV) x-ray beams, generated by a clinical linear accelerator (Varian LINAC 2100C, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, California). The ICCD camera was coupled to a 135-mm f/2.0 lens (Canon) and fixed at a distance of ∼2  m from the imaging object. The x-ray beam was delivered by as 3.25  μs -long pulses at a 360-Hz repetition rate, and four luminescence images were acquired at different delay times after the pulse: 5, 10, 20, and 30  μs . The intensity of the phosphorescence in each image pixel was plotted as a function of the temporal delay, and the fit to an exponential function was used to determine the lifetime and calculate the local pO2 .
Cao X., Gunn J.R., Allu S.R., Bruza P., Jiang S., Vinogradov S.A, & Pogue B.W. (2020). Implantable sensor for local Cherenkov-excited luminescence imaging of tumor pO2 during radiotherapy. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 25(11), 112704.
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4

Cherenkov Imaging of Tumor Radiation

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Cherenkov light was induced in the tissue by irradiation from a linear accelerator (Varian Linac 2100CD; Varian Medical System) at the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. The beam size was adjusted to cover the entire tumor area. To minimize the background, all lights in the room were switched off. The imaging system consisted of a time-gated intensified CCD camera (ICCD, PI-MAX4 1024i; Princeton Instruments), a lens (Canon EF 135 mm f/2L USM), and a 750 nm/100 nm band pass filter. The camera was contained in a homemade lead box, placed ~2 m away from the imaging field to protect it from Compton scattered X-ray photons. The noise induced by X-ray photons was therefore significantly suppressed, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was more than seven times higher after shielding (Supplementary Fig. 10). The time-gated ICCD camera was synchronized with the radiation pulses, which were ~3.25 μs long and delivered with 360 Hz repetition rate. The camera gate was turned on at 5, 10, 20, and 30 μs delay times and the phosphorescence was integrated on the CCD for 200 μs. The intensifier gain was ×100.
Cao X., Rao Allu S., Jiang S., Jia M., Gunn J.R., Yao C., LaRochelle E.P., Shell J.R., Bruza P., Gladstone D.J., Jarvis L.A., Tian J., Vinogradov S.A, & Pogue B.W. (2020). Tissue pO2 distributions in xenograft tumors dynamically imaged by Cherenkov-excited phosphorescence during fractionated radiation therapy. Nature Communications, 11, 573.
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5

Cherenkov and Phosphorescence Imaging Protocol

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Images were captured by a gated, intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD, PI-MAX4 1024i, Princeton Instruments) with a 135-mm lens (Nikon), using the associated LightField software. An epi-illumination configuration was used, with the linac gantry oriented at 145 deg and in the same side as the ICCD. The ICCD gate delays and widths were adjusted with 0.05  μs delay and 4  μs width for Cherenkov imaging, whereas a 4.2  μs delay and 70  μs width was used for phosphorescence imaging, and 1500  μs delay and 70  μs width used for background. Cherenkov, phosphorescence, and background images were acquired with 100× gain on the intensifier. The image intensifier was gated by a predefined number of pulses, whereas the CCD integrated the signal prior to readout. Different values of this approach to accumulations on the chip (AoC) were used for each of the Cherenkov, phosphorescence, and background images for all body phantom CELSI experiments. Room-light images were acquired with 1× gain and 1 AoC. An 8-MHz analog-to-digital conversion rate was used with 2×2  pixel hardware binning upon readout, resulting in 512×512  pixel images.
Ahmed S.R., Jia J.M., Bruza P., Vinogradov S., Jiang S., Gladstone D.J., Jarvis L.A, & Pogue B.W. (2018). Radiotherapy-induced Cherenkov luminescence imaging in a human body phantom. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 23(3), 030504.
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