All participants were examined in the morning after overnight fasting. Serum and plasma were immediately separated and stored at −20 °C in multiple vials for later analysis.
Serum glucose (Dimension RXL system, Dade Behring, Dallas, TX, USA) and serum insulin (IMMULITE 2000 analyser, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) levels were measured using immunoenzymatic assays, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (DIAMAT, Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA). The normal range for HbA1c was 4.2–6.0%, and the CV at 5.5% was 4.8.
Home blood glucose measurements were performed using the Roche Diagnostics Accu-Chek Aviva Nano® glucose meter. We transferred logged data to a computer utilising the Roche Diagnostics Accu-Chek Smart Pix® device (Roche Diabetes Care Italy S.p.A., Monza, Milan, Italy).
Ketonuria was measured using Bayer Ketostix® urine strips and ketonemia was determined by Abbott MediSense Optium Xceed Meter®.
Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were measured using routine laboratory methods. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated using the Friedwald formula: LDL = total cholesterol − HDL cholesterol − TG/2.2 [30 (link)].
Serum glucose (Dimension RXL system, Dade Behring, Dallas, TX, USA) and serum insulin (IMMULITE 2000 analyser, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) levels were measured using immunoenzymatic assays, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (DIAMAT, Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA). The normal range for HbA1c was 4.2–6.0%, and the CV at 5.5% was 4.8.
Home blood glucose measurements were performed using the Roche Diagnostics Accu-Chek Aviva Nano® glucose meter. We transferred logged data to a computer utilising the Roche Diagnostics Accu-Chek Smart Pix® device (Roche Diabetes Care Italy S.p.A., Monza, Milan, Italy).
Ketonuria was measured using Bayer Ketostix® urine strips and ketonemia was determined by Abbott MediSense Optium Xceed Meter®.
Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were measured using routine laboratory methods. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated using the Friedwald formula: LDL = total cholesterol − HDL cholesterol − TG/2.2 [30 (link)].