The heart myoblast cell line (
H9C2 cells) was obtained from the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Shanghai, China) and was cultured in high glucose
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Gibco, Rockville, MD, USA), containing 10%
fetal bovine serum (Gibco). Increased levels of plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) occur in both obesity and T2DM, and PA is the most abundant plasma saturated fatty acid [24 (
link)]. To study the effects of EMPA on the elevated levels of NEFAs that occur in obesity and T2DM,
H9C2 cells were exposed to PA to mimic the cellular metabolic environment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. PA stock solution (10 mM) was prepared by dissolving
sodium palmitate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 50% ethanol solution mixed with 2% fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution, as previously described [25 (
link)].
H9C2 cells were exposed to 200
μM PA under a range of concentrations of EMPA (Selleck, Houston, TX).
Wang J., Huang X., Liu H., Chen Y., Li P., Liu L., Li J., Ren Y., Huang J., Xiong E., Tian Z, & Dai X. (2022). Empagliflozin Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Improving Mitochondrial Function. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022, 1122494.