The density and viscosity of synthesized PILs were measured by an all-in-one machine comprised of Anton Paar DMA™ 5000 M density meter and Anton Paar micro viscometer Lovis 2000 ME at temperature (293.15–353.15) K. The density meter's accuracy is ± 0.000007 g/cm3 and the temperature in density chamber can accurate to 0.01 K. The micro viscometer's accuracy can up to ± 0.5% in the experiment and the temperature of glass capillaries can precise to ± 0.02 K. There are three kinds of glass capillaries (1.59, 1.8, 2.5) mm with viscosity range of (0.3–15,10–100 and 100–10,000) mPa·s, respectively. The capillaries were calibrated by Anton Paar company before using. All samples were degassed in the condition of 320 K before measuring. Every point was repeated at least three times and the calculated average was used as the final data.
Dma 5000 m density meter
Manufactured by Anton Paar
Sourced in Austria
The DMA 5000 M is a density meter developed by Anton Paar. It is a laboratory instrument used to accurately measure the density of liquids and gases.
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Lab products found in correlation
Alcolyzer beer me and ph me modules, by Anton Paar (4 mentions)
Modular compact rheometer mcr 702, by Anton Paar (2 mentions)
Nicolet 6700 ftir spectrophotometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Rezex rfq fast acid h 8 lc column, by Phenomenex (2 mentions)
H2so4, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Seveneasy ph meter, by Mettler Toledo (1 mentions)
Nicolet 5700 spectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Escalab 250xi x ray photoelectron spectroscope, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Evolution 201 spectrophotometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Jem 2100 transmission electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Amvn viscometer, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
Proteomelab xl 1, by Beckman Coulter (1 mentions)
Alcolyzer, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
Pump 11 elite syringe pump, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions)
Waters 2414 differential, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
17 protocols using dma 5000 m density meter
1
Density and Viscosity of Synthesized PILs
2
Density and Viscosity of Deep Eutectic Solvents
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IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA, 2010) in the 4000–550 cm−1 region (diamond ATR, 16 scans, resolution 4).
There are plenty of experimental data for (D)ESs formed by choline chloride and glycerol or ethylene glycol, and choline chloride and organic acids. However, data on (D)ESs formed by organic acids and glycerol or propylene glycol are not found in the literature. In this work, we measured the density of the (D)ESs under study using a DMA 5000 M density meter (Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.00001 g·cm−3. Also for the (D)ESs, the viscosity was determined using a Modular Compact Rheometer MCR 702 (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.08 mPa·s.
There are plenty of experimental data for (D)ESs formed by choline chloride and glycerol or ethylene glycol, and choline chloride and organic acids. However, data on (D)ESs formed by organic acids and glycerol or propylene glycol are not found in the literature. In this work, we measured the density of the (D)ESs under study using a DMA 5000 M density meter (Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.00001 g·cm−3. Also for the (D)ESs, the viscosity was determined using a Modular Compact Rheometer MCR 702 (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.08 mPa·s.
3
Density of Common Sugar Alcohols and Sugars
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The density of erythritol, xylitol,
D-(+)-glucose, and D-(+)-xylose solutions saturated at 20 and 40 °C
was determined using an Anton Paar DMA 5000 M density meter, where
well-mixed and free of air bubbles solutions were fed. Adjusting the
solution temperature to its equilibrium temperature was maintained
using the integrated system of the density meter. During the filling
process, care was taken to avoid introducing air bubbles into the
density meter. Calibration was conducted using a standard reference
material, followed by the sample measurement, which involved analysis
of the oscillation frequency of a U-tube filled with the sample solution.
To ensure accuracy and reproducibility, three measurements were taken
and averaged. After the measurements were completed, thorough cleaning
and regular maintenance of the density meter were performed to maintain
measuring precision. Finally, all relevant details of the measurements,
including sample identities, temperatures, and obtained density values,
were meticulously recorded. The density measurements were performed
to determine the quantities of chemicals required for the used reactor
volumes, and they were needed in VisiMix and CFD simulations as well.
D-(+)-glucose, and D-(+)-xylose solutions saturated at 20 and 40 °C
was determined using an Anton Paar DMA 5000 M density meter, where
well-mixed and free of air bubbles solutions were fed. Adjusting the
solution temperature to its equilibrium temperature was maintained
using the integrated system of the density meter. During the filling
process, care was taken to avoid introducing air bubbles into the
density meter. Calibration was conducted using a standard reference
material, followed by the sample measurement, which involved analysis
of the oscillation frequency of a U-tube filled with the sample solution.
To ensure accuracy and reproducibility, three measurements were taken
and averaged. After the measurements were completed, thorough cleaning
and regular maintenance of the density meter were performed to maintain
measuring precision. Finally, all relevant details of the measurements,
including sample identities, temperatures, and obtained density values,
were meticulously recorded. The density measurements were performed
to determine the quantities of chemicals required for the used reactor
volumes, and they were needed in VisiMix and CFD simulations as well.
4
Characterization of Carrageenan Gum
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The density of CG was determined using a DMA 5000 M density meter (Anton Paar, Austria). The homogeneous sample (2 mL) was filled into the measuring cell using a syringe with a Luer tip. The filling was observed through the inspection window to avoid the presence of gas bubbles in the measuring cell. The measurement was repeated three times at 25 °C and reported as the mean value. The viscosity of CG was measured at room temperature according to ASTM D4878–15 using a PMT Tamson NVB Classic (Normalab, France). The selection of different types of capillary viscometer was made according to ASTM D446. Ubbelohde viscometer was purchased from Cannon Instruments (State College, PA). For pH determination, CG (1.00 ± 0.1 g) was diluted in 50 mL of deionized water (DI). The pH of the solution was measured by the SevenEasy pH meter (Mettler Toledo, Switzerland) at room temperature (27 ± 1 °C).
5
Density and Viscosity of Deep Eutectic Solvents
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IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 FT-IR spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Hillsboro, OR, USA, 2010) in the 4000–550 cm−1 region (diamond ATR, 16 scans, resolution 4).
There are plenty of experimental data for (D)ESs formed by choline chloride and glycerol or ethylene glycol, and choline chloride and organic acids. However, data on (D)ESs formed by organic acids and glycerol or propylene glycol are not found in the literature. In this work, we measured the density of the (D)ESs under study using a DMA 5000 M density meter (Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.00001 g·cm−3. Also for the (D)ESs, the viscosity was determined using a Modular Compact Rheometer MCR 702 (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.08 mPa·s.
There are plenty of experimental data for (D)ESs formed by choline chloride and glycerol or ethylene glycol, and choline chloride and organic acids. However, data on (D)ESs formed by organic acids and glycerol or propylene glycol are not found in the literature. In this work, we measured the density of the (D)ESs under study using a DMA 5000 M density meter (Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.00001 g·cm−3. Also for the (D)ESs, the viscosity was determined using a Modular Compact Rheometer MCR 702 (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria); the measurement uncertainty is 0.08 mPa·s.
6
Characterization of Pd Nanoparticles and Nanofluids
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Nuclear magnetic
resonance spectra (1H NMR) were carried out by a Bruker
Advance III 600 MHz spectrometer. HPG and mHPG were tested with CH3OD and CDCl3 as the solvents, respectively. Fourier
transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were acquired by a Nicolet 5700
spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). The morphology of Pd nanoparticles
was performed on a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (JEOL).
The elemental composition and chemical state of nanoparticles were
recorded by an EscaLab 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (Thermo
Scientific). The stability of nanofluids was monitored by UV–vis
spectroscopy on an Evolution 201 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).
The thermal conductivity of nanofluids was measured by using a KD2
Pro thermometer with a KS-1 probe sensor (Decagon Devices). The result
was reported as average after at least six measurements for each temperature
and concentration after equilibrium of nanofluids. The viscosities
and densities of the base fluid and nanofluids were measured by a
Lovis 2000 M automatic microviscometer and DMA 5000 M density meter
(Anton Paar), respectively.
resonance spectra (1H NMR) were carried out by a Bruker
Advance III 600 MHz spectrometer. HPG and mHPG were tested with CH3OD and CDCl3 as the solvents, respectively. Fourier
transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were acquired by a Nicolet 5700
spectrometer (Thermo Scientific). The morphology of Pd nanoparticles
was performed on a JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (JEOL).
The elemental composition and chemical state of nanoparticles were
recorded by an EscaLab 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (Thermo
Scientific). The stability of nanofluids was monitored by UV–vis
spectroscopy on an Evolution 201 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).
The thermal conductivity of nanofluids was measured by using a KD2
Pro thermometer with a KS-1 probe sensor (Decagon Devices). The result
was reported as average after at least six measurements for each temperature
and concentration after equilibrium of nanofluids. The viscosities
and densities of the base fluid and nanofluids were measured by a
Lovis 2000 M automatic microviscometer and DMA 5000 M density meter
(Anton Paar), respectively.
7
Determining Xylitol Solution Density
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The density of the saturated xylitol
solutions was determined with an Anton Paar DMA 5000 M density meter.
The measurements were performed to calculate the quantities of chemicals
required for the set reactor volume.
solutions was determined with an Anton Paar DMA 5000 M density meter.
The measurements were performed to calculate the quantities of chemicals
required for the set reactor volume.
8
Analytical Ultracentrifugation for Protein Characterization
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Experiments were conducted in a ProteomeLab XL-I analytical ultracentrifuge (Beckman Coulter) following standard protocols (31 ). All samples in a buffer containing 20 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, and 5 mM DTT were loaded into a cell assembly composed of a double sector charcoal-filled centerpiece with a 12-mm path length and either quartz or sapphire windows. The density and viscosity of the ultracentrifugation buffer at 20 °C were measured with a DMA 5000 M density meter and an AMVn viscometer (both Anton Paar), respectively. The cell assembly in the sedimentation velocity experiments contained identical sample and reference buffer volumes of 300 μl was placed in a rotor and temperature equilibrated at rest at 20 °C for 2 h before it was accelerated from 0 to 50,000 rpm. Rayleigh interference optical data were collected at 1-min intervals for 12 h. The velocity data were modeled with diffusion-deconvoluted sedimentation coefficient distributions c(s) in SEDFIT (32 ), using algebraic noise decomposition and with signal-average frictional ratio and meniscus position refined with nonlinear regression. The s-value was corrected for time, temperature, and radial position, and finite acceleration of the rotor was accounted for in the evaluation of Lamm equation solutions (33 (link)).
9
Yeast Fermentation Optimization Protocol
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Screenings were carried out in the form of small-scale fermentations and confirmed in 2 L-scale fermentations. Single-cell colonies were inoculated from agar plates into Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 mL of YPD and incubated for 48 h on a shaker (120 rpm) at room temperature. For 2 L-scale fermentation, an additional propagation step was taken by adding the 50 mL into 200 mL of fresh YPD and incubated another 48 h on a shaker. The suspensions were centrifuged (4000 rpm; 5 min; 4 • C) and 20% slurries (200 mg fresh yeast/mL supernatant) were prepared. The fermentations were conducted in duplicate in 100 mL of 9 • P wort at a pitching rate of 1 g of fresh yeast/L. The fermentation vessels were 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, capped with airlocks filled with glycerol (85%). The fermentations were conducted on a shaker with low agitation (40 rpm) until no mass-change was observed in consecutive days. This was 10 days at 25 • C and 17 days at 15 • C. The 2 L-scale fermentations were conducted statically in stainless steel cylindrical fermentation vessels with 8 • P wort at 20 • C using the same pitching rate. The latter fermentation was monitored through regular sampling with an Anton Paar DMA 5000 M Density Meter and Alcolyzer (Anton Paar GmbH, Graz, Austria).
10
Microfluidic Production of Stable Foams
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A solution of 20 wt. % GM10, 0.14 wt. % LAP and 0.1 wt. % Plantacare 2000 UP was prepared with deionised water. The density of the solution was determined to be 1.056 g cm -3 by using a DMA 5000 M density meter from Anton Paar. All flasks were wrapped with aluminium foil and stored at 8 °C in the dark until further use to prevent early activation of the photo initiator.
Liquid foams were produced using a polycarbonate chip produced by micromilling, with a constriction of 70 µm in diameter (Figure 3). The flow of the gas phase was controlled by the gas pressure p. To this end, an OB1MK1 pressure controller from Elveflow was used, which was connected to a nitrogen tap. The pressure pump was also connected to a glass bottle containing a small amount of perfluorohexane. In this way, the gas phase contains traces of perfluorohexane, which hinders Ostwald ripening. The flow rate v of the liquid phase was controlled with a Pump 11 Elite Syringe Pump from Harvard Apparatus. Bubbling in the microfluidic chip was monitored with a Nikon SMZ 745 T bright field microscope using a Mikrotron EoSensCL high speed camera. The accessible range of bubble diameters that can be produced using this microfluidic chip was assessed by varying the gas pressure p and the liquid flow rate vL. The obtained data can be found in the Supporting Information (Figure S1).
Liquid foams were produced using a polycarbonate chip produced by micromilling, with a constriction of 70 µm in diameter (Figure 3). The flow of the gas phase was controlled by the gas pressure p. To this end, an OB1MK1 pressure controller from Elveflow was used, which was connected to a nitrogen tap. The pressure pump was also connected to a glass bottle containing a small amount of perfluorohexane. In this way, the gas phase contains traces of perfluorohexane, which hinders Ostwald ripening. The flow rate v of the liquid phase was controlled with a Pump 11 Elite Syringe Pump from Harvard Apparatus. Bubbling in the microfluidic chip was monitored with a Nikon SMZ 745 T bright field microscope using a Mikrotron EoSensCL high speed camera. The accessible range of bubble diameters that can be produced using this microfluidic chip was assessed by varying the gas pressure p and the liquid flow rate vL. The obtained data can be found in the Supporting Information (Figure S1).
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