Urolithin a

The BV2 mouse microglia cell line (ICLC ATL03001; Interlab Cell Line Collection, Banca Biologica e Cell Factory, Italy) was cultured in RPMI1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin in a 5% CO 2 incubator. HEK293 (ECACC 85120602) cells were obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECCAC) (Salisbury, UK) and were cultured in MEM-eagle's medium (Thermo Scientific). MEM medium was supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM Lglutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin in a 5% CO2 incubator.
Immortalised neural progenitor cells (ReNcell VM cells) were acquired commercially from Millipore (Hertfordshire, UK) and maintained as earlier described 17 . Cells were differentiated by replacing the culture medium with ReNcell NSC maintenance medium without the growth factors EGF and FGF-2 for 14 days. Differentiation into neurons was confirmed by immunocytochemical staining for βIII-tubulin and MAP2 17 (Supplementary Figure S1-S3).
Urolithin A (Santa Cruz), EX527 (Sigma) and chloroquine (Arcos Organics) were prepared in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for pharmacological experiments. The percentage of DMSO in cell culture was 0.2%. For all experiments, 5 x 10 4 cells/ml were seeded out in culture plates.