Xplora plus raman spectrometer

The elemental composition of the CSCs was analysed using a Perkin-Elmer PE-2400II CHN-analyser. The surface area and pore characteristics of the composites were determined via N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms study using Autosorb 1-C instrument (Quantachrome) at −196°C. All samples were degassed under vacuum at 300°C for 3 h prior to the measurements. The specific surface areas were calculated by the multipoint Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and pore size distributions were determined using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. The morphological characteristics were revealed using a scanning electron microscope (LEO model 1450VP) with an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were recorded using a TECNAI G2 (The Netherlands). ATR-FTIR spectra were recorded using a Bruker FTIR spectrometer (Tensor 27) with Opus 7.0 software measuring in the range of 4000–550 cm⁻¹. The crystalline structure of the composite was studied by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Philips X-ray diffractometer (PW3040, The Netherlands) with CuKα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm). XPS measurements were performed on a Kratos Axis Ultra DLD spectrometer (Manchester, UK). Raman test was carried out using a Horiba XploRA plus Raman spectrometer with a 532 nm laser excitation source.

Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed on a HORIBA XploRA PLUS Raman spectrometer. The laser wavelength was 532 nm with a power of 0.5 mW through a ×100 objective.

Raman spectra were recorded with an XploRA PLUS Raman spectrometer (Horiba Jobin Yvon) equipped with a ×50 objective and a 638 nm He-Ne laser. The filter was set at 50%. The measurements were conducted using a custom-made three-electrode electrochemical cell with a quartz window, in which the as-prepared Cu electrode, Ag/AgCl (3.0 M KCl), and membrane-separated Pt wire were used as the working, reference, and counter electrodes. Before each test, the as-used electrolyte was pumped into the cell at a rate of 2 ml min⁻¹. The equipped optical microscope was applied to acquire the real-time microscopic images of as-used Cu electrodes during the Raman tests.

The Raman measurements
for 3Cl1P and its 0.1 M solution in cyclohexane were performed using
a Horiba Xplora Plus Raman spectrometer with a laser operating at
780 nm (the power 30 mW). The Olympus MPlanN 10× objective was
chosen. Every spectrum was recorded with an acquisition time of 2
s and an accumulation of 60 scans.