Trichloroacetic acid

To analyze the lipid oxidation, TBARS values were measured according to Ohkawa et al. [19 (link)]. Five grams of the restructured jerky sample was homogenized with 15 mL of distilled water and 50 μL of 0.3% butylated hydroxytoluene (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 99.8% methanol (Daejung Co., Goryeong, Korea) and transferred to a distillation flask. The homogenate (1 mL) was transferred to a test tube and mixed with 2 mL of 0.02 M thiobarbituric acid (Sigma-Aldrich) in 15% trichloroacetic acid (Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) solution. The test tubes were heated at 90 °C in a water bath (JSSB-30T) for 30 min, cooled for 30 min in tap water (15 °C), and centrifuged (Combi R515) at 3100× g for 10 min. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 532 nm using a microplate reader (spectra max Plus 384) against a blank sample containing 1 mL distilled water and 2 mL thiobarbituric acid solution. The amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was calculated using a standard curve, and the TBARS value was estimated as mg MDA per kg of sample.

The following reagents and chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, United States): loperamide hydrochloride, mosapride citrate salt dihydrate, phenol red, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), sodium hydroxide, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Tris base, sodium chloride, Triton X, 10% neutral formalin, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, catechin, chlorogenic acid, porcirin, naringin, rutin, benzaldehyde, aqueous mounting buffer, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI).
Other reagents and chemicals were purchased from the following manufacturers: arabic gum (JUNSEI, Tokyo, Japan), activated charcoal power (YAKURI, Tokyo, Japan), Tween 20 (Glentham Life Science, Corsham, United Kingdom), skim milk (LPS solution, Daejeon, Korea), bovine serum albumin (GenDEPOT, TX, United States), hydrochloride (DUKSAN, Seoul, Korea), and hydroperoxide (SAMCHUN, Seoul, Korea).