(FIB) (F8630), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablets (P4417), fetal
bovine serum (FBS) (F7524), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic
acid (HEPES), and trypan blue (TP154) were purchased from Sigma. Acetic
acid was supplied from Merck. Chitosan (85/300/A1) was obtained from
Biolog. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), trypsin/EDTA
solution, and penicillin–streptomycin were obtained from Pan
Biotech. Cell-counting kit-8 from Dojindo Molecular Technologies,
4′,6-diamidino-2- phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI; 100 nM;
≥97%) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., and the phalloidin
CruzFluor 488 conjugate were used.