Texas red

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom

Texas Red is a fluorescent dye that can be used to label proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological molecules. It has an excitation maximum at 596 nm and an emission maximum at 615 nm, making it suitable for use with common fluorescence detection equipment.

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Lab products found in correlation

Alexa fluor 488, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (24 mentions) 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Merck Group (18 mentions) Lsm 710 confocal microscope, by Zeiss (11 mentions) Tcps sp5 aobs confocal microscope, by Leica (9 mentions) 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (8 mentions) Axio observer z1, by Zeiss (6 mentions) Fluoromount g mounting medium, by Southern Biotech (5 mentions) Zen 2, by Zeiss (5 mentions) Alexa 488, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions) Triton x 100, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Hoechst 33342, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Hpa023370, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Lsm 700 confocal microscope, by Zeiss (4 mentions) Alexa fluor 647, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Axio observer, by Zeiss (2 mentions) Celltracker green bodipy, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Vector Laboratories (2 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Texas Red-conjugated zymosan A S. cerevisiae Bioparticles Texas Red (TR; Texas Red-12-dUTP Ovalbumin conjugated to Texas Red Texas-red-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG Texas Red C2-maleimide cell membrane dye Goat anti-Mouse Texas Red Texas Red-tagged dextran Granzyme B PE-Texas red Methanolic Texas Red-conjugated phalloidin

171 protocols using texas red

Quantifying Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity

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BBB integrity was assessed by IgG immunostaining with minor modifications [23 (link)] and Texas Red^® (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) dextran perfusion [24 (link)]. Free-floating sections were incubated with biotinylated horse anti-mouse IgG (BA-2000, 1:500, Vector Laboratories) at 4°C overnight following blocking in 10% normal horse serum and 1% BSA in PBS, pH 7.4. After rinsing in 0.3% H₂O₂ for 30 minutes to quench endogenous peroxidase activity, sections were incubated with avidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase complex (ABC, Vector Laboratories) for 30 minutes, then visualized with DAB. Using ImageJ, the extent of BBB damage was quantified as the percentage of area of IgG positive staining per ipsilateral hemisphere. For Texas Red dextran perfusion, mice were deeply anesthetized with isoflurane, and Texas Red dextran 70 kDa (D1864, Invitrogen) in PBS (50 mg/ml) was injected into the inferior vena cava for 2 minutes of circulation. Mice were immediately killed by decapitation. Brains were quickly extracted and post-fixed in 4% PFA for 24 hours then cryoprotected by 30% sucrose for 48 hours. After O.C.T. embedding, brains were cut coronally in 20-μm sections. Slices were directly coverslipped using mounting media with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (H-1200, Vector Laboratories).

Huang L., Wong S., Snyder E.Y., Hamblin M.H, & Lee J.P. (2014). Human neural stem cells rapidly ameliorate symptomatic inflammation in early-stage ischemic-reperfusion cerebral injury. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 5(6), 129.

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Immunocytochemistry of C2C12 Myoblasts

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C2C12 cells were cultured on autoclaved coverslips (Fisher) in a 12-well plate in GM or DM, and treated with siRNA, as described above. At the end of treatments, cells were washed with PBS and fixed with a pre-chilled 50% Ethanol - 50% Methanol mixture for 10 minutes. For proliferation confluence, cells were incubated with Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) conjugated with Texas Red (Invitrogen) for 10 minutes, rinsed with PBS. For immunofluorescent staining, cells were blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 5% donkey serum in PBST for 1 hour at room temperature. Then cells were incubated with appropriate primary antibodies overnight at 4 C. The primary antibodies against UCHL1 (from rabbit, EPR4118, GeneTex, Irvine, CA, or Abcam Cambridge, MA), or myosin heavy chain (MyHC from mouse, DSHB) were diluted in the blocking solution. After washes, cells were incubated with the desired secondary antibodies conjugated with Alex-488 with Hoechst for staining nucleus. To show myotubes, cells were incubated with WGA conjugated with Texas Red (Invitrogen) for 10 minutes after secondary antibody incubation. After washes, coverslips with cells were mounted on a glass slide with Fluoromount-G (SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL). The images were taken using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus) or a fluorescent Microscope (Olympus).

Gao H., Hartnett S, & Li Y. (2017). Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L1 regulates myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 492(1), 96-102.

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Gentamicin-Texas Red Conjugate Synthesis

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Gentamicin sulfate salt (Sigma Aldrich catalog# G3632-5G, 50 mg/ml in K2CO3, pH0) and Texas-Red (Thermo Fisher Scientific catalog# T20175, 2 mg/ml in dimethyl formamide) were agitated together overnight to produce gentamicin-Texas Red conjugate (GTTR). The mixture contained 4.4mls of 50 mg/ml gentamicin (GT) with 0.6mls of 2 mg/ml Texas Red (TR) to produce approximately 300:1 molar ratio of GT:GTTR. A high ratio of gentamicin ensures a minimum of unbound Texas Red molecules. The molecular weight of GT is 477.6 g/mol and the molecular weight of TR is 816.94 g/mol. The GTTR was made at a stock concentration of 100 mM. The cells were incubated with HCM containing 0.5 mM or 1 mM GTTR for three hours. After incubation the cells were washed three times with PBS and then immediately fixed using 4% PFA in PBS for 15 min at room temperature.

Menendez L., Trecek T., Gopalakrishnan S., Tao L., Markowitz A.L., Yu H.V., Wang X., Llamas J., Huang C., Lee J., Kalluri R., Ichida J, & Segil N. (2020). Generation of inner ear hair cells by direct lineage conversion of primary somatic cells. eLife, 9, e55249.

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Retrograde Neuronal Labeling via Electroporation

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Texas Red (100 mg ml^–1; dextran, Texas Red, 3,000 MW, lysine fixable) (ThermoFisher Scientific) in patch-clamp intracellular saline (see above) lacking ATP, GTP, biocytin and Alexa-568–hydrazide-Na was backfilled into a patch pipette. The pipette was positioned near the cell body (without any collagenase application) and two to five pulses of 10 V (2 ms duration) were applied using an SD9 stimulator (Grass Instruments). All fills and anatomy were carried out with flies on the wheel under the two-photon microscope (as in calcium imaging, except using a ×40/0.80 NA objective (LUMPLFLN 40XW, Olympus) and a 590–650 nm bandpass filter (Chroma) to filter emitted light before entering a second GaAsP detector (Hamamatsu).

Vijayan V., Wang F., Wang K., Chakravorty A., Adachi A., Akhlaghpour H., Dickson B.J, & Maimon G. (2023). A rise-to-threshold process for a relative-value decision. Nature, 619(7970), 563-571.

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Dextran-based Embryo Permeability Assay

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Embryos were incubated with Texas Red 3000 MW lysin-fixable dextran (Thermo Fisher Scientific, D3328), Texas Red 10,000 MW neutral dextran (Thermo Fisher Scientific, D1828), and Texas Red 70,000 MW neutral dextran (Thermo Fisher Scientific, D1830). Permeability was analyzed as described by Olson et al. (2012) (link) with small modifications. Dextran solutions were diluted in 0.7× egg salt buffer and adjusted to 1.25 mg/mL. The embryos were incubated in dextran solutions for 30 min in the dark at room temperature. After rinsing in 0.7× egg salt buffer, embryos were imaged under a confocal microscope (ZEISS, LSM 880 with AiryScan).

Yamashita T., Ekino T., Kanzaki N, & Shinya R. (2023). The developmental and structural uniqueness of the embryo of the extremophile viviparous nematode, Tokorhabditis tufae. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, 1197477.

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Quantification of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells

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Portions of tumors and tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLN) were frozen in
OCT at −70 °C and sectioned with cryostat for immunofluorescence
or were used for cell isolation for subsequent FACS. The following monoclonal
antibodies (mAb) were used for immunofluorescence in frozen sections: CD8a
(53–6.7, BD Pharmingen), perforin (CB5.4, Abcam), CD11b (M1/70, BD
Pharmingen), Gr-1 (RB6-8C5, BD Pharmingen), C3b/iC3b/C3c (2/11, Hycult Biotech)
(18 (link)), RPS19 (ab-155994), CD33
(825601, Biolgend), CD11b (ab52478, Abcam) and C5aR1 (C85-2506, BD Pharmingen).
Apoptotic cells were detected with Anexin V (sc-1929). Secondary antibodies
included Alexa Fluor (AF) 488, Texas Red, and AF 633-conjugated goat anti-rat
antibodies (Invitrogen). Perforin-expressing CD8⁺ T cells and
MDSC (CD11b⁺Gr-1⁺) tumor infiltrates were
quantified with Nikon Elements Advanced Research image-analysis software; cells
were counted in entire tissue sections and mean values per 63x field were
calculated.

Markiewski M.M., Vadrevu S.K., Sharma S.K., Chintala N.K., Ghouse S., Cho J.H., Fairlie D.P., Paterson Y., Astrinidis A, & Karbowniczek M. (2017). The ribosomal protein S19 suppresses antitumor immune responses via the complement C5a receptor 1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 198(7), 2989-2999.

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Immunofluorescent Staining of K8.1 Antigen

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Cells were incubated in 1:1 methanol-acetone at −20°C for fixation and permeabilization, then with a blocking reagent (10% normal goat serum, 3% bovine serum albumin, and 1% glycine) for an additional 30 minutes. Cells were then incubated for 1 h at 25°C with 1:2000 dilution of a mouse anti-K8.1 monoclonal antibody (ABI) followed by 1:200 dilution of a goat anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated to Texas Red (Invitrogen). For identification of nuclei, cells were subsequently counterstained with 0.5 mg/mL 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Sigma) in 180 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5). Slides were washed once in 180 mM Tris-HCl for 15 minutes and prepared for visualization using a Leica TCPS SP5 AOBS confocal microscope.

Dai L., Trillo-Tinoco J., Bai A., Chen Y., Bielawski J., Del Valle L., Smith C.D., Ochoa A.C., Qin Z, & Parsons C. (2015). Ceramides promote apoptosis for virus-infected lymphoma cells through induction of ceramide synthases and viral lytic gene expression. Oncotarget, 6(27), 24246-24260.

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Dextran Delivery via Tail Vein Catheter

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70 kDa molecular weight dextran, fluorescently tagged with Texas Red (#D1830, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) was prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendation. A dose of 60 µg/g of mouse weight was co-injected with microbubbles via the tail vein catheter for ThUS-mediated dextran delivery.

Batts A.J., Ji R., Noel R.L., Kline-Schoder A.R., Bae S., Kwon N, & Konofagou E.E. (2023). Using a novel rapid alternating steering angles pulse sequence to evaluate the impact of theranostic ultrasound-mediated ultra-short pulse length on blood-brain barrier opening volume and closure, cavitation mapping, drug delivery feasibility, and safety. Theranostics, 13(3), 1180-1197.

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Skin Wound Healing Histological Analysis

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Mice were sacrificed at various time points (days 3, 5, and 7) of the experiments, and skin tissues were harvested so that part of the tissue was fixed in formalin-PBS buffer, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned to generate wound-edge specimens of 4 µm diameter. After de-paraffinized, sections were stained with Masson’s trichrome by standard procedures and examined under light microscopy. For immunofluorescence staining, antigen retrieval was performed using citrate buffer, pH to 6.0, and microwaving for 5 min then cooling for 3 min. After non-specific blocking, specific staining was performed by using α-SMA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), Pro-collagen 1A1 (Santa Cruz, CA) Ab, or SM22α (Abcam, USA) Ab followed by incubation with secondary antibody alexa fluor 594-conjugated IgG or Texas red (Invitrogen, Molecular Probe, Carlsbad, CA). Counterstaining was performed with DAPI (Invitrogen) and imaged by using a fluorescent microscope (Nikon E800 with MetaMorph version 4.5 software, Universal Imaging Corp.). The GFP staining procedure was carried out according to the protocol of VECTASTAIN Elite ABC kit (Vector laboratories Inc, Burlingame, CA) after using anti- GFP primary antibody (Zymed, Invitrogen). Immunohistochemical images were analyzed using an image analysis software program (ImageJ, NIH).

Kanji S., Das M., Aggarwal R., Lu J., Joseph M., Pompili V.J, & Das H. (2014). Nanofiber-expanded human umbilical cord blood–derived CD34+ cell therapy accelerates cutaneous wound closure in NOD/SCID mice. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 18(4), 685-697.

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Immunocytochemistry of A549 and H460 Cells

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Immunocytochemistry was performed as described previously^{26 (link)}. A549 and H460 cells were cultured in coverslips and transfected. The cells were washed with PBS and fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. The cells were then permeabilized with cold-methanol for 5 min and blocked using 4% BSA in PBS with 0.1% Triton X-100 (PBS-T) for 1 h. The primary antibodies with appropriate dilutions were added, and the cells were incubated overnight at 4 °C. After washing 3 times with PBS-T, coverslips were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 (#A32723, #A32731, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) or Texas Red (#T-862, #T-2767, Invitrogen)-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature. The cells were then incubated with 1 μg/ml DAPI (#D9542, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 5 min at room temperature and subsequently mounted using the Fluoromount-G Mounting Medium (#0100-01, Southern Biotech, Birmingham, AL). The cells were visualized using the ZEISS Axio Observer fluorescence microscope system (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Digital images were analyzed using ZEN 2.1 software (Carl Zeiss). For quantitative analysis, 50 cells were counted in 10 random fields and performed three independent experiments.

Hong D.E., Yu J.E., Yoo S.S., Yeo I.J., Son D.J., Yun J., Han S.B, & Hong J.T. (2023). CHI3L1 induces autophagy through the JNK pathway in lung cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 13, 9964.

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