Trypsin

2-(N,N'-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, 98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. β-Propiolactone (98%) and 2-cyanoprop-2-yl-dithiobenzoate were from J&K Scientific Ltd. Porcine insulin, FITC-labeled insulin and trypsin were purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 2,2'-Dicyano-2,2'-azopropane (AIBN) was from Aladdin Industrial Corporation. MTT, FITC-labeled phalloidin, porcine stomach mucin and STZ were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. LysoTracker deep and Pierce^TM Coomassie Plus (Bradford) Assay Kit were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Alamar blue assay, 4% paraformaldehyde, normal goat serum and bafilomycin A1 were from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. The Eudragit L 100-55 was from Shanghai Chineway Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. Triton® X-100 was from MP Biomedicals, LLC. Anti-claudin-4 antibody and Alexa-Fluor-conjugated secondary antibody were obtained from Abcam. Anti-integrin αV and β1 antibodies were purchased from Affinity Biosciences LTD. All plates used in cellular experiments were Corning Incorporated.

Sodium tellurite, Sodium selenite, Sodium thiosulfate, Sodium sulfide, H₂O₂, 3-Mercaptopropionic acid, 3-Bromopropionic acid, 4-Dimethylaminopyrideine (DMAP), 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI), and coumarin-6 were obtained from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). S,S’-Methylenebis(3-mercaptopropionic acid) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Trade Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) Docetaxel, DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT), Glutathione (GSH), 1,1’- Dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethyindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI−1640), and trypsin were obtained from Meilun Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Dalian, China). 2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methyl (polyethylene glycol)-2000 (DSPE-PEG_2k) were purchased from Shanghai Advanced Vehicle Technology Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Hoechst 33342 was obtained from BD Biosciences (USA). Ki67 cell proliferation kit and TUNEL apoptosis assay kit were purchased from Service Biotech Co., Ltd. (China). DAPI was purchased from Vector laboratories (Burlingame). The other reagents were of analytical or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.

RPMI-1640, penicillin streptomycin, trypsin, bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) were purchased from Meilunbio (Dalian, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from ExCell Bio (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccharide and 1,1’-dioctadecyl-3,3,3’,3’-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine,4-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt (DiD) fluorochrome were purchased from Sigma-aldrich. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-13, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were purchased from Peprotech (USA). Dibenzocycolctyne-cyanine5 (DBCO-Cy5), N-azidoacetylmannosamine-tetraacylated (Ac₄ManNAz) and dibenzylcyclooctyne- NHS ester (DBCO-NHS) were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Goat Anti-Rat IgG H&L (FITC) and anti-SOCS1 antibody were purchased from Abcam. Type II bovine collagen, Freund’s complete adjuvant and Freund’s incomplete adjuvant were purchased from Chondrex (Washington, USA).

The nHA (purity >97%, CAS 1306-06-5) was purchased from Aladdin Industrial Inc. (Shanghai, China). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit, bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), trypsin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin were supplied by Meilunbio (Dalian, China). EasySep™ mouse T cell isolation kit was obtained from StemCell Technologies (Vancouver, CA, United States). Anti-mouse CD3 (Clone 17A2), anti-mouse CD28 (Clone 37.51) were purchased from Peprotech (Westlake Village, CA, United States). Anti-mouse CD4, phycoerythrin (PE, Clone GK1.5), Anti-mouse CD8α, phycoerythrin-cyanine 7 (PE-Cy7, Clone 53-6.7) and flow cytometry staining buffer was purchased from Multi Sciences Biotech, Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). 5-(and-6)-Carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE) was obtained from Abbkine Bioadvisers. Alizarin red S (ARS) staining kit for osteogenesis was purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and RPMI 1640 culture medium were obtained from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Deionized (DI) water was used in all experiments. All chemicals were used without additional purification.

Manganese chloride tetrahydrate and ammonium ceric nitrate were obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, ≥ 99.5%) were obtained from Macklin (Shanghai, China). 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) was provided by Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), penicillin, streptomycin, trypsin and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) were purchased from Meilunbio (Dalian, China). Foetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibco (Guangzhou, China). Anti-CD86, anti-CD206, anti-CD3, anti-CD4, F4/80, and Foxp3 were obtained from BioLegend (San Diego, CA, USA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Santa Barbara, CA, USA). The hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining kit, catalase (CAT) activity assay kit, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay kit were purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). All chemicals and reagents were used as received without additional purification. All solutions were prepared with deionised (DI) water, which was purified through an 18-MΩ system (Millipore, USA).