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9 protocols using lead acetate

1

Graphene Oxide-Based Nitric Oxide Sensor

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Single layer graphene oxide (SLGO; 0.8 nm thickness, 1–5 µm diameter, 99% purity) was obtained from ACS Materials. Methanol, ascorbic acid and lead acetate were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Atlanta, GA, USA). Cerium (IV) oxide (nanoparticles dispersion, <25 nm particle size, 10 wt% in H2O) and chloroplatinic acid (8 wt%) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nafion (5% aliphatic alcohol) and o-phenylenediamine were acquired from Acros organics (Newark, NJ, USA). Nitric oxide gas (CP grade 99%) was purchased from AirGas (Gainesville, FL, USA).
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2

Cytospin Preparation and Toluidine Blue Staining

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Glass slides with cell cytospin were fixated by incubating with MOTA’s fixative (50 mL ddH2O, 40 mg/mL lead acetate (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 2–4 mL glacial acetic acid (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), and 50 mL 96% EtOH (Sigma-Aldrich)) for 15 min, washed with ddH2O and incubated for 30 min with acidic toluidine blue (30 mL 96% EtOH and 5 mg/mL toluidine blue (Sigma-Aldrich) and 70 mL ddH2O, pH adjusted to <1 with HCl). After incubation, the glass slides were washed with ddH2O and coverslipped with Permount Mounting Medium (Permount).
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3

Sensitive Metal-Ion Detection Using DNAzymes

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The Pb2+-specific DNAzyme (Pb-Sub: 5′-/5Cy3/ACT CAC TAT rAGG AAG AGA TG -3′ and Pb-Enz: 5′-CAT CTC TTC TCC GAG CCG GTC GAA ATA GTG AGT-3′) and the Cu2+-specific DNAzyme (Cu-Sub: 5′-TTT TTT TTT TAG CTT CTT TCT AAT ACrG GCT TAC C/36-FAM/-3′ and Cu-Enz: 5′-GGT AAG CCT GGG CCT CTT TCT TTT TAA GAA AGA AC-3′) were synthesized and purified by Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT) (Coralville, IA). Graphene oxide (GO), phytic acid (PA), Tris base and ascorbic acid (AA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Cupric nitrate (Cu(NO3)2, 99%), lead acetate (Pb(CH3COOH)2, 98.0%), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2, 99%), magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2, 99%), cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2, 99%), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2, 99%), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2, 99%), ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3, > 98.0%), zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2, 99%), magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 99%), potassium chloride (KCl, 99%), nitric acid (HNO3,) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). All the reagents were used as received without further purification. All experiments and measurements were carried out at room temperature unless otherwise stated. Deionized water (18.4 MΩ) used for all experiments was obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA).
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4

Phytochemical Analysis and Bioassay of Plant Extracts

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The chemicals and reagents used were distilled water (EPHARM, Ethiopia), normal saline (EPHARM, Ethiopia), methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), gallic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), atropine (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), tannic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), the standard drug furosemide (Denk Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Germany), and sodium pentobarbitone (Taj Pharmaceuticals Limited, India). Besides, other chemicals and reagents used for phytochemical analysis such as – aluminum chloride, ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), bromocresol green (BCG), ferric chloride, lead acetate, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and isopropyl alcohol, potassium hydroxide, mercuric chloride, potassium iodide, iodine, bismuth nitrate were obtained from Fisher Scientific (UK). All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade.
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5

Comprehensive Analytical Techniques for Natural Products

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Distilled and purified water (hereafter referred to as water), ethyl alcohol, gallic acid (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), sodium carbonate (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA), phosphomolybdic tungstic reagent R, hide powder CRS, pyrogallol, thymol, α-naphthol, sulfuric acid (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), iodine solution, lead acetate, resorcinol, hydrochloric acid (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany), Trolox (Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), sodium phosphate dibasic (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA), potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium chloride (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), α-amylase from porcine pancreas (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), potato starch, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), acarbose (Tokyo Chemical Industry CO., LTD, Tokyo, Japan), HPLC-grade methanol (Honeywell, CHROMASOLV, Seelze, Germany), reagent grade formic acid (Assay Ph.Eur ≥ 98%; Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), ultrapure water Type 1 (prepared using Stackpure purification system; OmniaTap 6, Niederahr, Germany). All solvents used were analytical or HPLC grade.
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6

Phytochemical Profiling and Antioxidant Evaluation

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Chemicals and reagents used were 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (Chemos GmbH & Co. KG, Germany), distilled water and normal saline were obtained from EPHARM (Ethiopia), ammonium hydroxide, ascorbic acid, chloroform, ethanol, ferric chloride, glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, n-butanol, and sulfuric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany), acetic anhydride, bismuth nitrate, iodine, lead acetate, mercuric chloride, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide, sodium hydroxide, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (UK), eosin and hematoxylin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (USA), ether was obtained from Puyer BioPharma Ltd., (P.R.China), 10% formalin was obtained from Novochem Engineering (India), silymarin was purchased from Silybon-140, Micro Lab Limited (India), CCl4, liquid paraffin, paraffin wax, and Tween 80 were purchased from Oxford Lab Fine Chem LLP (India), and xylene was obtained from scienTEST - bioKEMIX GmbH (Germany). All chemicals and reagents used were of analytical grade.
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7

Lead Exposure Dose Response

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An aqueous 2% w/v lead acetate solution (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA; #429132) was diluted into highly purified and filtered water (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA Milli-Q System). Final concentrations of Pb in drinking water were 0.03 mM, 1 mM, and 3 mM; concentrations were selected to obtain serum levels representing those seen in US workers from average environmental, high environmental and legal limits of occupational exposures, respectively.
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8

Homocysteine Metabolism Assay Protocol

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Amicon Ultra 15 centrifugal filters, D,L-homocysteine, L-serine, sodium phosphate, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) were all purchased from Sigma. Ammonium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and sodium dodecyl sulfate were purchased from Fisher. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), imidazole, and lead acetate were purchased from Acros Organics. [14C]-serine was from PerkinElmer. Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) was from GoldBio. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (the disulfate tosylate salt) was purchased from BioVision. Trypsin was obtained from the Hampton Research Proti-ACE kit. EcoLite scintillation cocktail was obtained from MP Biomedicals. AG-50W-X8 anion exchange packing material was obtained from Bio-Rad. The Oligos for site directed mutagenesis were purchased from IDT. Luria Bertani (LB) broth was purchased from Research Products International (RPI).
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9

Synthesis of Metal-Polymer Composites

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Nitric acid, sodium hydroxide,
and zinc nitrate hexahydrate were purchased from Honeywell. PEGDA
(Mw: 700), 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and SMP were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Lead acetate, silver nitrate, copper(II) nitrate trihydrate, nickel(II)
nitrate hexahydrate, and potassium nitrate were purchased from Acros.
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