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26 protocols using ag1 x8 resin

1

Radiolabeling of Pyridoxal Phosphate

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Thirty drops of 1 M NaOH were added to 1.8
mL of 0.5 M PLP and cooled to 0 °C in an ice bath. The mixture
of sodium borohydride (5.8 mg, 0.15 mmol) and [3H]-sodium
borohydride (25 mCi) in 450 μL of 0.1 M NaOH was added to the
PLP solution and stirred for 1 h at 0 °C. After being stirred,
120 μL of concd HCl was added to the solution slowly (became
pH 4). To the solution at pH 4, 20 equiv of ground MnO2 was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for a
total of 2 h. The mixture was brought to pH 8 with 1 M NaOH, and the
solution was centrifuged. The supernatants were collected and were
loaded onto a gel filtration column packed with Bio-Rad AG1-X8 resin
(hydroxide form). The mobile phase used was water and 5 M acetic acid
(gradient of 90% water to 0% water), flowing at 1.5 mL/min for 300
min. Fractions were collected every 10 mL and tested for its UV absorption
and radioactivity. The fractions with desired product were lyophilized.
The lyophilized product was redissolved in 100 μL of 1 mM PLP
and loaded onto an HPLC with an Econosil C18 column (10 mm ×
250 mm, 10 μm). The mobile phase used was 0.1% aqueous TFA with
5% acetonitrile flowing at 0.5 mL/min for 40 min. Under these conditions,
PLP eluted at 15 min. Fractions running with the PLP peak were collected
and counted for radioactivity using liquid scintillation counting.
The product was collected and lyophilized.
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2

Lead Isotope Ratio Measurement by MC-ICP-MS

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Lead (Pb) isotope ratios were measured using MC-ICP-MS with a Neptune XT (Thermo Fisher Bremen) at the research laboratory of the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum in Bochum. For samples with less than 0.5 wt.-% lead content, classical HBr ion exchange chromatography was applied using AG1-X8 resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). Pb isotopes were measured using wet plasma conditions. For mass bias correction, 200 ppb lead solutions were doped with 50 ppb thallium (NIST SRM 997). 202Hg was recorded for interference correction. Before and after every five samples, the reference material NIST SRM 981 was measured in the same way to compensate drift and ensure accuracy. The recommended values by Taylor et al. [31 ] are used for final normalization of the samples. The methodology leads to an external precision better than 0.005 percent for 204Pb normalized ratios and 0.002 percent for 206Pb normalized ratios.
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3

Trace Mineral Quantification Protocol

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Adenine sulfate (Fisher Scientific, Madrid, Spain), α-calcidol (Etalpha, Leo Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark), vitamin D3 (Fort Dodge, Girona, Spain), carboxymethyl cellulose (Sigma Aldrich, Madrid, Spain), nitric acid (Sigma Aldrich, Madrid, Spain), perchloric acid (Sigma Aldrich, Madrid, Spain), ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer SL, Optima 5300DV spectrometer), ALP, creatinine and urea kits (Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA), AG 1-X8 resin (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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4

Radiolabeling of Copper-64 via Cyclotron

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64Cu was generated via the proton activation of a 64Ni enriched Ni-layer produced via electrodeposition at the in-house cyclotron [42 (link),44 (link)]. The Ni was deposited onto a gold disc from a 0.22 M (NH4)2SO4 solution at pH 9, using a voltage of 2.60 V and a current of 25 mA [45 (link)]. The target was covered with a 100 µm thick aluminum foil and irradiated with 12 MeV protons for ~80 μAh using the Leipzig cyclotron Cyclone® 18/9 equipped with a COSTIS® solid target system (IBA Molecular, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) to induce the 64Ni(p,n)64Cu nuclear reaction. The 64Cu was isolated from the target material via the dissolution of the target in 12.5 M HCl. This mixture was then evaporated until dry and re-dissolved in 6 M HCl. Ion exchange chromatography using AG® 1-X8 resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Feldkirchen, Germany) was then performed to separate the 64Cu. Subsequently, the 64Cu was eluted from the column using 0.1 M HCl, and the resulting solution was evaporated in a 1.5 mL glass crimp vial.
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5

Radioactive Palladium Wire Synthesis

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Palladium (Pd) wire was irradiated at the Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR) as described previously.[21 (link)] Silver acetate and diethyl ether were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Other solvents were obtained from Fisher (Pittsburgh, PA) or Burdick and Jackson (Morristown, NJ). AG1-X8 resin was purchased from Biorad (Hercules, CA). The Plexiglass inhalation box was built by the machine shop at Washington University in St. Louis. The nebulizer unit was obtained from Aeroneb Lab through Kent Scientific Corp (Torrington, Connecticut). Amicon ultra centrifugal filter units (30 and 100 kDa MWCO) were obtained from EMD Millipore (St. Charles, MO) and aqueous solution of formaldehyde (16%) was purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences (Hatfield, PA). Flex chromatography columns were purchased from Thomas Scientific (Swedesboro, NJ). Materials for autoradiography; slides and adhesive tape were purchased from Leica Biosystems (Richmond, IL) while the Cryo-M-Bed embedding compound was obtained from A-M systems (Sequim, WA). Radioactive samples were counted using a 1480 automatic gamma counter (PerkinElmer, Downers Grove, IL). All chemicals and solvents were used as purchased without any further purification unless otherwise noted.
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6

Fatty Acid and Signaling Compound Analysis

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C18 fatty acids (stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid), verapamil, 8-(diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride (TMB-8), bisindolylmaleimide (BIM), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and o-phthaldialdehyde (OPT) were obtained from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fura-2/AM was purchased from Enzo Life Science (Farmingdale, NY, USA). [3H] Inositol was obtained from PerkinElmer (Waltham, MA, USA). AG 1-X8 resin was purchased from BIO-RAD (Hercules, CA, USA). The materials for cell culture were purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). Unless otherwise stated, all reagents were of the highest purity and were purchased from Sigma Chemical.
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7

Thorium Metal Targets for Nuclear Reactions

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All reagents used were trace metal grade unless specified elsewhere. Aqueous solutions were prepared with 18 MΩ water (Millipore) on site. AG1-X8 resin was obtained from Biorad (Hercules, CA, USA) and DGA resin (N,N,N′,N′-tetra-n-octyldiglycolamide) was obtained from Eichrom (Lisle, IL, USA). For nuclear reaction cross section measurements, natural thorium foils of 99.7% purity were obtained from Goodfellow Corporation (Oakdale, PA, USA). The foils were approximately 2.5 × 2.5 mm, with thicknesses of 60.5–70.5 mg/cm2.[15 (link)] Aluminum foils of 99.9% purity and similar dimensions with 65 mg/cm2 thickness were added to the target foil stack as beam monitors using the 27Al(p,x)22Na nuclear reaction and the excitation functions reported by Steyn et al.[16 ] Foils were enclosed in a single layer of adhesive-backed 25 μm thick Kapton tape. Thorium metal targets were manufactured at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). For larger-scale experiments, small pieces of thorium metal (purity >99% as determined via X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy) were obtained from LANL’s internal inventory. The raw material was arc melted and rolled into sheets with a mean thickness of 0.50 ± 0.02 mm for the use as proton beam targets. All separation studies reported within were performed in triplicate.
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8

Measuring Ligand-Induced Activation of D2L Receptors

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Ligand-induced activation of the human D2L receptors was studied employing inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation assays as described54 (link)55 (link). Briefly, HEK 293 cells were transiently co-transfected with cDNA encoding for D2L and the hybrid G protein Gαqi5 (Gαq protein with the last five amino acids at the C terminus replaced by the corresponding sequence of Gαi; gift from the J. David Gladstone Institutes). Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells were transferred into 24-well plates. After adding myo-[3H]inositol (specific activity = 22.5 Ci mmol−1, PerkinElmer) and incubation for 15 h, medium was aspirated, the cells were washed with serum-free medium supplemented with 10 mM LiCl, and test compounds 37 °C. Then, cells were lysed by adding 0.1 M NaOH. After neutralization with formic acid, the cell extract was separated by anion-exchange chromatography using an AG1-X8 resin (Bio-Rad) by washing and finally eluting total IP directly into scintillation counting vials. Radioactivity was determined by scintillation counting in a Beckman LS 6500 (Beckman). Data were analyzed by normalizing disintegrations per minute (d.p.m.) values; this was done by setting the data for non-stimulated receptor (buffer) equal to zero and the effect for quinpirole equal to 100%.
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9

Quantitative Analysis of Phytate in ILVs

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Phytate (inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6) was quantitatively measured by photometry [18 (link)] after extraction and clean up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and anion-exchange purification [19 (link)]. In brief, 150 mg of samples were extracted using 0.1 M HCl (1.5 mL) and sonication for 30 min. Following samples were centrifuged twice (60 min at 13,300 rpm) and clear supernatants of ILV extracts (500 µL) were diluted (1:20) and adjusted to pH 6 in order to be transferred to SPE glass cartridges filled with 500 mg of anion exchange resin (AG1-X8 resin, Bio-Rad laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Samples were washed (0.1 M NaCl to remove free phosphate) and phytates were eluted with 0.7 M NaCl. Samples were adjusted to pH 3, mixed with Wade reagent (0.06% FeCl3∙6H2O + 0.6% sulfosalicylic acid) and absorbance was measured at 490 nm. Phytate (phytic acid) standards in concentrations from 25 µg/mL to 200 µg/mL and blanks (Wade reagent) were used for calibration. To predict the bioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc; molar weights (phytate: 660 g/mol; Ca: 40 g/mol; Fe: 56 g/mol; and Zn: 65 g/mol) were used to calculate the (molar) ratio of phytate to individual mineral concentrations of the ILVs [20 (link)].
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10

Radiolabeling of Copper-64 via Cyclotron

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64Cu was generated via the proton activation of a 64Ni enriched Ni-layer produced via electrodeposition at the in-house cyclotron [42 (link),44 (link)]. The Ni was deposited onto a gold disc from a 0.22 M (NH4)2SO4 solution at pH 9, using a voltage of 2.60 V and a current of 25 mA [45 (link)]. The target was covered with a 100 µm thick aluminum foil and irradiated with 12 MeV protons for ~80 μAh using the Leipzig cyclotron Cyclone® 18/9 equipped with a COSTIS® solid target system (IBA Molecular, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) to induce the 64Ni(p,n)64Cu nuclear reaction. The 64Cu was isolated from the target material via the dissolution of the target in 12.5 M HCl. This mixture was then evaporated until dry and re-dissolved in 6 M HCl. Ion exchange chromatography using AG® 1-X8 resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Feldkirchen, Germany) was then performed to separate the 64Cu. Subsequently, the 64Cu was eluted from the column using 0.1 M HCl, and the resulting solution was evaporated in a 1.5 mL glass crimp vial.
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