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4 protocols using activated caspase 3

1

Immunofluorescent Analysis of Apoptosis Markers

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Samples grown over Nunc Lab-Tek chambers (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) were washed with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, washed three times with PBS and blocked with PBS 1% BSA-0.3% Triton for 60 min. Samples were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibody against BAX-6A7 (BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), activated Caspase 3 (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) or γH2AX (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA) in PBS 1% BSA-0.3% Triton.
After three washes with PBS, samples were incubated with the corresponding FITC-conjugated (Activated Caspase-3 or γH2AX) or TRITC-conjugated (BAX-6A7) secondary antibody (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at room temperature for 1 h. Samples were washed three times with PBS and cell nuclei were finally stained with DAPI (2 μg/mL). Images were captured using a ZEISS Axio Observer (ZEISS, Oberkochen, Germany) microscope and analyzed using the Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH’s ZEN 3.0 software.
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2

Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects via Western Blot

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Cells (1 x 106) were seeded into 10-cm dishes for 24 h and then treated with 0.1% DMSO or the appropriate concentrations of the studied compounds and doxorubicin, either alone or in combination, for 48 h. Protein extraction and Western blot analysis were performed [30 (link)]. After blocking, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against Bcl-2, Bax, survivin, procaspase-9, procaspase-3, IκB-α, pIκB-α, NF-κB/p65, MRP1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), activated caspase-9 (Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA), activated caspase-3 or β-actin (Sigma Chemical) at 4°C overnight. The membranes were incubated at room temperature for 1 h with the horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). The blots were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL, USA) and fluorogrammed with CL-XPosure film. The intensities of the protein bands were quantified using Scion Image Software. The relative intensities were evaluated and normalized to β-actin.
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3

Immunohistochemical Staining of Tissue Markers

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The paraffin tissue sections were dewaxed in xylene and rehydrated in gradient alcohol. Then, the sections were washed with distilled water, and endogenous peroxidase was blocked by 3% hydrogen peroxide. The heat-mediated antigen retrieval was performed with citrate buffer at pH 6 before starting the IHC staining protocol. Then, the sections were blocked for 60 min with 5% goat sera. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining of tissue sections was performed, and the samples were incubated overnight with primary antibodies against Ki-67, ICAM-1, (Cambridge, MA, USA), eNOS, activated caspase-3 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and ROCK1 and ROCK2 (Proteintech, USA) at 4°C. Then, the tissue sections were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 0.01 M), incubated with secondary antibodies, and visualized with diaminobenzidine (DAB, brown color, ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China) and hematoxylin counterstaining under a microscope. The intensity of positive staining was measured by IOD/area with Image-Pro Plus 6.0 image analysis software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD).
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4

Quantification of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis

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The in vitro experiments were terminated 24 or 96 h after irradiation. After fixation with 4% (PFA; Acros, Geel, Belgium), the cells were stained with primary antibodies against Ki67 (1:150, Thermo Fisher Scientific), activated caspase-3 (1:1000, Sigma-Aldrich), DCX (1:250, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, United States) and βIII-tubulin (1:1000, Sigma-Aldrich) and the corresponding fluorescent secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 488 or ALEXA Fluor 555, Life Technologies). For each staining a negative control with only secondary antibody was done. The coverslips were mounted on slides with DAPI-Fluoromount (Biozol, Eching, Germany) and analyzed with a fluorescent microscope (Olympus BX51, Germany). PI (Life Technologies) staining was done on viable cells. Cells were incubated with PI (1:50) and Hoechst 33342 solution (4 μg/ml, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and analyzed afterward with a fluorescent microscope. For quantification, the number of positive cells was counted with the software ImageJ software 1.46r and the percentage of total cell number was calculated and normalized to their non-irradiated counterparts. In every experiment, six fields of view per condition were taken randomly with an 20× objective.
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