To assess the electrochemical characteristics of tea extracts, comparative CV analysis upon these candidate redox mediators was carried out through electrochemical workstation (ALS/DY2325 BI-POTENTIOSTAT, Taiwan). A glassy carbon electrode (0.07 cm2; CH Instruments Inc., SA) polished with 0.05 μm alumina polish was used as the working electrode. Quadrate platinum electrode (6.08 cm2) was served as the counter electrode and was soaked in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) prior to use. As the reference electrode, a Hg/Hg2Cl2 electrode was filled with saturated KCl(aq) to maintain electrochemical stability and reproducibility. Prior to analysis, the test solutions were purged with nitrogen 15 min for removal of residual oxygen. The symmetric scan range from −1.5 to + 1.5 V were carried out with a scanning rate of 10 mV s − 1. As the direct parameter to assess the redox capacity, closed curve area of redox potential were determined with Origin 8. Considering data calculation, VH, VL represented the CV scanning voltages of +1.5 V and −1.5 V, respectively; ih, il denoted the oxidation currents and the reduction currents at specific scan voltage, respectively. Moreover, 100 cycles of CV scan were conducted to verify the electrochemical reversibility and stability of redox-mediating characteristics.
Glassy carbon electrode
Manufactured by CH Instruments
Sourced in United States, Saudi Arabia
The Glassy Carbon Electrode is a type of working electrode commonly used in electrochemical analysis. It is composed of a nonporous, vitreous carbon material with a smooth, shiny surface. The core function of the Glassy Carbon Electrode is to serve as an inert substrate for electrochemical measurements, enabling the investigation of redox reactions and other electrochemical phenomena.
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Lab products found in correlation
Milli q water system, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Polishing pad, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Alumina micro powder, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Pt wire, by CH Instruments (1 mentions)
D8 focus, by Bruker (1 mentions)
H 600 tem, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Alumina powder, by Buehler (1 mentions)
μautolab 2, by Metrohm (1 mentions)
Platinum mesh, by Goodfellow (1 mentions)
Jem 2100 transmission electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Merlin high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Anhydrous citric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Iron nitrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nickel nitrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Copper 2 nitrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cu no3 2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sp 300 potentiostat, by Bio-Logic (1 mentions)
2 nitrophenyl octyl ether o npoe, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tetrahydrofuran thf, by BD (1 mentions)
2 hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin hpβcd, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
15 protocols using glassy carbon electrode
1
Electrochemical Characterization of Tea Extracts
2
Cyclic Voltammetry in Organic Electrolytes
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Cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out in a PalmSens 4 potentiostat/galvanostat/impedance analyzer, using a one-compartment cell with a conventional three-electrode arrangement. As the working electrode, a glassy carbon electrode (CH Instruments, TX, USA) was used; as a counter electrode, we used a Pt wire (CH Instruments, TX, USA) and as a reference, we used a Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) electrode. This last electrode was sealed and separated using a glass tube connected to the solution through a platinum bridge, working as a Lugging capillary. This arrangement avoids any moisture contamination to the working solution at the timescale of the CV experiments [57 (link)]. Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBPA) 0.1 M was employed as the supporting electrolyte in 1 mM solutions of the tetrafluoroborate salts in DMF, with scan rates of 100 mV/s.
3
Cyclic Voltammetry of Mn-MC6*a Complex
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Cyclic voltammetry was performed in a small volume home-made cell by using an Autolab PGSTAT-12 potentiostat controlled by GPES-4 software. The cell was constituted by a small cylindrical vial surrounded by a septum perforated to allow positioning of the three electrodes as well as the argon tube. The working electrode was a glassy carbon electrode (CHInstruments Inc.), reference electrode was Ag/AgCl (WPI, Dri-ref, + 0.2 V vs. NHE at 25°C) and counter electrode was a platinum wire. The cell was filled with 0.35 mL of a 0.1 mM Mn-MC6*a solution, prepared from dilution of a 1 mM stock Mn-MC6*a solution in milliQ water (35 μL) into a mixture of the appropriate buffer (175 μL of a 250 mM stock solution) and TFE (140 μL). The working electrode was polished on 1 and 0.1 μm alumina and the solution degassed by argon bubbling prior measuring cyclic voltammograms at 10 mV·s−1 at room temperature. In the text, potentials are quoted vs. NHE.
4
Electrochemical Sensor Development with Nanostructured Materials
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Glassy carbon electrode (3 mm diameter) was purchased from CH Instrument USA. Polishing pads were obtained from Buehler, IL, USA and Alumina micro powder (1.0, 0.3 and 0.05 μm alumina slurries) was used for polishing the Glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (95% purity, 10–20 nm); Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2 · 6H2O), 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine (29H,31H-Pc), 2,3-Naphthalocyanine (2,3-Nc), dopamine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid and other reagents are of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck chemicals and LABCHEM respectively. Ultra-pure water of resistivity 18.2 MΩ was obtained from a Milli-Q Water System (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA) and was used throughout for the preparation of solutions. A phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of 7.0 was prepared with appropriate amounts of NaH2PO4 · 2H2O, Na2HPO4 · 2H2O, and H3PO4, and adjusted with 0.1 M H3PO4 or NaOH. Prepared solutions were purged with pure nitrogen to eliminate oxygen and prevent any form of external oxidation during every electrochemical experiment.
5
Cyclic Voltammetry of Extracts
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Cyclic voltammetry of extract samples was carried out via a work station for electric chemistry analysis (Jiehan 5600, Jiehan Technology Corporation, Taiwan). A glassy carbon electrode (0.07 cm2; CH Instruments Inc., SA) polished with 0.05 μm alumina polish was used as the working electrode. Quadrate platinum electrode (6.08 cm2) served as the counter electrode and was soaked in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) prior to use. As the reference electrode, a Hg/Hg2Cl2 electrode was filled with saturated KCl(aq) to keep the stability and reproducibility. Prior to analysis, the test solutions were inevitably purged with nitrogen for 15 min to removal residual oxygen. The symmetric scan range from − 1.5 to + 1.5 V were carried out with a scanning rate of 10 mV s−1. As the direct parameter to assess the redox capacity, closed curve area of redox potential were calculated with Origin 8. In this way, VH, VL represented the CV scanning voltages of + 1.5 V and − 1.5 V, respectively; ih, il presented the oxidation currents and the reduction currents at specific scan voltage, respectively. Moreover, 100 cycles of CV scan were conducted to verify the reversibility and stability of redox characteristics.
6
Electrochemical Sensing of Neurotransmitters
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Glassy carbon electrode (3 mm diameter) was purchased from CH Instrument USA. Polishing pads were obtained from Buehler, IL, USA and Alumina micro powder (1.0, 0.3 and 0.05 μm alumina slurries) was used for polishing the Glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (95% purity, 10–20 nm); Iron(III) chloride (FeCl3), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O), 29H,31H-Phthalocyanine (Pc), 2,3-Naphthalocyanine (Nc), (±)-Epinephrine hydrochloride, L-Norepinephrine hydrochloride, dopamine hydrochloride, ascorbic acid and other reagents are of analytical grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck chemicals and LABCHEM respectively. Ultra-pure water of resistivity 18.2 MΩ was obtained from a Milli-Q Water System (Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA, USA) and was used throughout for the preparation of solutions. A phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of 7.0 was prepared with appropriate amounts of NaH2PO4.2H2O, Na2HPO4.2H2O, and H3PO4, and adjusted with 0.1 M H3PO4 or NaOH. Prepared solutions were purged with pure nitrogen to eliminate oxygen and prevent any form of external oxidation during every electrochemical experiment.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of PbS QDs
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A constant temperature magnetic stirrer (Putian Instrument Manufacturing Co., Jiangsu, China) and a nitrogen protection device (made in our laboratory) were used in the QD nanoparticle synthesis. A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) image was obtained with a H600 TEM (Hitachi, Japan). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (Bruker, D8 Focus, Karlsruhe, Germany) with Cu-K radiation at room temperature. High Resolution TEM (HRTEM) was used to determine the structure of the produced PbS QDs nanoparticle synthesis.
A conventional three-electrode configuration was used for the EC measurements, with a glassy carbon electrode (3 mm in diameter, CH Instruments Inc., Shanghai, China) as the working electrode, a Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode, and a platinum wire as the counter electrode. EC experiments were performed using a CHI10308 EC workstation (CH Instruments Inc., Shanghai, China).
A conventional three-electrode configuration was used for the EC measurements, with a glassy carbon electrode (3 mm in diameter, CH Instruments Inc., Shanghai, China) as the working electrode, a Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode, and a platinum wire as the counter electrode. EC experiments were performed using a CHI10308 EC workstation (CH Instruments Inc., Shanghai, China).
8
Electrochemical Techniques for Materials Analysis
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A μAutolab II (Metrohm-Autolab BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands) was used to control the electrochemical experiments with the software of NOVA 1.10. All electrochemistry experiments were performed in a Faraday cage with a three electrode system. For cyclic voltammetry experiments, a glassy carbon electrode (CH instruments, Austin, USA) of 3.0 mm diameter was used. It was polished on diamond spray (Kemet, Kent, UK) in the size sequence of 3.0 μm, 1.0 μm and 0.1 μm to a mirror finish. For chronoamperometric experiments, a carbon microdisc working electrode (BASi, West Lafayette, USA) of radius 4.9 μm was used. It was polished on alumina powder (Buehler, Coventry, UK) in the size sequence of 1.0 μm, 0.3 μm and 0.05 μm before experiments. The reference electrode was a standard MSE (mercury/mercurous sulphate reference electrode [Hg/Hg2SO4, K2SO4 (saturated)], +0.62 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode) (BASi, West Lafayette, USA).31 The counter electrode was a platinum mesh (99.99%) (Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd, Huntingdon, UK). All electrochemical measurements were thermostated at 25 ± 1 °C.
9
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Analysis of Nano-Composites
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A Jenway bench top model 3510 potentiometer (Staffordshire, UK) and a Thermo Orion 900200 Ag/AgCl double junction reference electrode from ThermoFisher Scientic no. 801201-001 (Waltham, USA) were used for potentiometric measurements. A Jenway pH glass electrode no. 924005 was used for pH measurement and a glassy carbon electrode from CH Instruments (Austin, USA) was used as the working electrode. A Nic-olet™ iS™ 10 FT-IR Spectrometer from ThermoFisher Scientic was used to record the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of MWCNTs, c-MWCNTs, PANI-NFs and PANI-NFs/c-MWCNTs samples in the range of 400-4000 cm -1 (Waltham, USA). A JEOL JEM-2100 transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the prepared nano-composite.
10
Electrochemical Characterization of MnO2 Nanorod Electrodes
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Voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements were performed using a potentiostat/galvanostat μAutolab Type III (Eco Chemie B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands) and NOVA 1.7.8 software (Eco Chemie B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiments were performed involving potentiostat/galvanostat Autolab PGSTAT 302N with the FRA 32M module (Eco Chemie B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands) and the NOVA 1.10.1.9 software (Eco Chemie B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands).
A three-electrode glass cell of 10 mL was used for electrochemical measurements. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) of 3 mm diameter (CH Instruments, Inc., Bee Cave, TX, USA), or a MnO2 nanorod-modified electrode was used as working electrode, and a platinum wire as an auxiliary electrode. Potentials were measured vs. an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
The pH measurements were carried out using the “Expert-001” pH meter (Econix-Expert Ltd., Moscow, Russia) with a glassy electrode.
A MerlinTM high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) was applied for electrode surface morphology characterization and operated at 5 kV accelerating voltage and a 300 pA emission current.
A three-electrode glass cell of 10 mL was used for electrochemical measurements. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) of 3 mm diameter (CH Instruments, Inc., Bee Cave, TX, USA), or a MnO2 nanorod-modified electrode was used as working electrode, and a platinum wire as an auxiliary electrode. Potentials were measured vs. an Ag/AgCl reference electrode.
The pH measurements were carried out using the “Expert-001” pH meter (Econix-Expert Ltd., Moscow, Russia) with a glassy electrode.
A MerlinTM high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) was applied for electrode surface morphology characterization and operated at 5 kV accelerating voltage and a 300 pA emission current.
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