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4 protocols using taurine tau

1

Pharmacological Agents for Synaptic Studies

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Taurine (Tau) and strychnine (Strych) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). CGP 55845A, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (DL-AP5), and 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) were obtained from Tocris (Ellisville, MO). Ethanol (EtOH) was purchased from Remet (La Mirada, CA, USA). All drugs were added to aCSF from stock solutions to obtain known concentrations in the superfusate, and only applied once per CeA slice.
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2

Amino Acid Quantification Protocol

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Arginine (Arg), aspartate (Asp), citrulline (Cit), glutamate (Glu), histamine (Hist), and taurine (Tau) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO). Standards of each amine were prepared at 2 mM concentrations in 18.2 MΩ /cm deionized water (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Subsequent dilutions of each stock solution were made prior to analysis. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was prepared in acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA) to a concentration of 5 mM. Sodium cyanide (NaCN) (Sigma Aldrich) was dissolved in water to a final concentration of 10 mM. Stock solutions of both NDA and NaCN were made weekly and stored at 4°C, protected from light exposure. Stock solutions of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEC) (Life Technologies, Grand Island NY) were made on a weekly basis to a concentration of 10 mM in deionized water and stored at 4°C. Finally, the background electrolyte (BGE) consisted of 1.4 mM SBEC, 10% by volume HPLC-grade dimethylsulfoxide (Fisher Scientific), and sodium tetraborate (Sigma Aldrich) at a final concentration of 15 mM. Finally, the pH of the BGE was measured using a pH meter and adjusted to 9.2 with 1 M sodium hydroxide (Fisher Scientific).
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3

Neurochemical Assays in Rodent Models

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Imipramine hydrochloride (IMI) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The assay kits of corticosterone (CORT), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Institute of Biotechnology, Nanjing, China. The standard 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and the standard amino acids including glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and taurine (Tau) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents used were of analytical grade.
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4

Investigating Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis

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Synthetic human IMD1-53 was from Phoenix Pharmaceuticals (Burlingame, CA, USA). Alzet Mini-osmotic Pumps (model 2006) were from DURECT Corp (Cupertino, CA, USA). Primary antibodies for IMD (sc-86272), β-actin (sc-47778), IL-1β (sc-7884), and all horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Primary antibodies for CD68 (ab125212), α-actin (ab5694), glucose-regulated protein78 (GRP78, ab21865), activating transcription factor (ATF4, ab216839), cleaved ATF6 (ab203119), p-inositol-requiring kinase 1 alpha (p-IRE1α, ab48187), CHOP (ab10444), cleaved-caspase-3 (ab13847) were from Abcam PLC (Cambridge, UK). Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC, SAB4501315) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dylight-labeled secondary antibodies were from EarthOx Life Sciences (Millbrae, CA, USA). The kit for reverse transcription of RNA and SuperReal PreMix Plus for real-time PCR (TIANGEN Biotech, Beijing, China). The oil red O and taurine (Tau) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Oxidized human LDL (ox-LDL, YB-002) was from Yiyuan Biotechnology (Guangzhou, China). Other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade.
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