The microstructure of GNs, GNs-4-MAP, CCOD, CN-Patch, and bacteria was lyophilized and a layer of 2 nm thick Au was sputtered on the surface of the sample to increase its conductivity. The microstructure was observed by the JEOL FESEM 6700 F electron microscope, and the energy of primary electron was 3 kV.
The cylindrical hydrogel was prepared with a 30 mm diameter and 4 mm height. In all the experiments, the parallel plate geometry diameter (25 mm), temperature (25 °C), frequency (0.1 Hz), and oscillatory stress (1 Pa) were kept constant. The self-healing property of the hydrogel was tested by the rheological test in continuous step strain measurements (a fixed frequency of 10 rad s−1. Each strain interval was kept as 150 s.).