Pneumotachograph

Manufactured by Hans Rudolph

Sourced in United States

The Pneumotachograph is a medical device used to measure airflow and volume in respiratory applications. It functions by detecting pressure changes in the airflow, which are then converted into flow measurements. The Pneumotachograph provides precise data on respiratory parameters without interpretation or extrapolation.

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Lab products found in correlation

Powerlab 16 channel data acquisition system, by ADInstruments (1 mentions) Two way non rebreathing valve, by Hans Rudolph (1 mentions) Ml206 gas analyzer, by ADInstruments (1 mentions) Acqknowledge 4, by Biopac (1 mentions)

Spelling variants of this product

Separate pneumotachographs (3 citations) Fleisch pneumotachograph (3 citations)

7 protocols using pneumotachograph

Cycle Ergometer Exercise Protocol

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All exercise was completed on a magnetically braked cycle ergometer (Velotron). Subjects breathed through a two-way, non-rebreathing valve (Hans-Rudolph) with noseclips in place. Compressed gas (21% O₂, balance nitrogen) was used as the inspirate for all exercise studies in both asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects. Separate pneumotachographs (Hans Rudolph) were used to determine inspiratory and expiratory flowrates. Separate oxygen and carbon dioxide gas analyzers (AEI Technologies) were used to analyze expired gases. A Powerlab 16-channel data acquisition system (ADinstruments) interfaced with a laptop computer was used to collect resting and exercise data.

Rossman M.J., Nader S., Berry D., Orsini F., Klansky A, & Haverkamp H.C. (2014). EFFECTS OF ALTERED AIRWAY FUNCTION ON EXERCISE VENTILATION IN ASTHMATIC ADULTS. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 46(6), 1104-1113.

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Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test

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Participants completed a 5‐min warm‐up at a self‐selected work rate on an electronically braked cycle ergometer (Velotron, RacerMate). Males and females began cycling at 120 W and 80 W, respectively, at their preferred cadence. Work rate increased in a stepwise fashion by 20 W every 2 min. The test was terminated when cadence dropped below 60 rpm despite verbal encouragement. During exercise, participants breathed through a customized two‐way non‐rebreathing valve (2700B, Hans‐Rudolph) attached to a mixing chamber. Mixed expired gases were sampled using a calibrated O₂/CO₂ gas analyzer (ML206 Gas Analyzer, ADInstruments). Inspired and expired airflows were measured using calibrated pneumotachographs (no. 3813, Hans Rudolph) and volume was determined by numerical integration of inspiratory and expiratory flow. Heart rate was measured with a commercially available chest monitor (T34, Polar, Electro).

Reinhard P.A., Archiza B., Welch J.F., Benbaruj J., Guenette J.A., Koehle M.S, & Sheel A.W. (2023). Effects of hypoxia on exercise‐induced diaphragm fatigue in healthy males and females. Physiological Reports, 11(2), e15589.

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Airway Flow and Pressure Measurement

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Airway flow was measured with a pneumotachograph (Hans Rudolph, Kansas City, USA) inserted between the Y-piece and the endotracheal tube before being connected to a differential pressure transducer (Validyne, Northridge, USA). Airway pressure was measured at the Y-piece by a differential pressure transducer (Validyne, Northridge, USA).

Bureau C., Decavèle M., Campion S., Nierat M.C., Mayaux J., Morawiec E., Raux M., Similowski T, & Demoule A. (2021). Proportional assist ventilation relieves clinically significant dyspnea in critically ill ventilated patients. Annals of Intensive Care, 11, 177.

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Comprehensive Polysomnography for Sleep Evaluation

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Participants were instrumented for a physiological polysomnogram including electroencephalography (EEG), chin electromyography (EMG), electrooculography (EOG), electrocardiography (ECG), thoracoabdominal movements, body position, and pulse oximetry. Sleep, arousals, and respiratory events were scored according to standard clinical criteria (hypopnoeas: 30% reduction in flow with ≥3% desaturation or arousal)(19 (link)). Ventilatory flow was assessed via a pneumotachograph (Hans Rudolph, Shawnee, KS) attached to a sealed nasal mask. Mask pressure was monitored with a pressure transducer (Validyne, Northridge, CA) referenced to atmosphere. Pharyngeal lumen pressure was measured with a 5-french Millar catheter (with 6 pressure sensors 0.75 cm apart) inserted through a nostril with the tip placed in the hypopharynx. To visualize the airway, a 2.8 mm diameter pediatric bronchoscope was inserted through the second nostril. All signals except EEG, EMG, EOG, and ECG (which were sampled at 125 Hz) were captured at a sampling frequency of 500Hz, and the images were sampled at 30 frames/second.

Azarbarzin A., Sands S.A., Marques M., Genta P.R., Taranto-Montemurro L., Messineo L., White D.P, & Wellman A. (2018). Palatal prolapse as a signature of expiratory flow limitation and inspiratory palatal collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The European respiratory journal, 51(2), 1701419.

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Ventilation Monitoring During Hyperpnea Training

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Subjects breathed through a two-way, non-rebreathing valve with a nose clip in place. Inspired airflow was measured with a pneumotachograph (Hans-Rudolph) and the signal was integrated to determine breath-by-breath VT, which was multiplied by fb to calculate ongoing

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during the training sessions. Carbon dioxide was continuously sampled at the mouth to determine breath-by-breath end-tidal CO₂ (ETCO₂) (Vacumed). Prior to hyperpnea, four minutes of resting, eupneic breathing was used to determine resting ETCO₂. External dead-space was then added to maintain ETCO₂ close to the resting level during each hyperpnea session. The initial volume of dead space was estimated by the target

{\dot{V}}_{E}

and application of the alveolar air equation. Subsequently, 0.5 liter increments of dead space were added or subtracted from the breathing circuit if ETCO₂ was below, or above, eupneic levels, respectively. In some cases, subjects’ breathing patterns changed over the course of the training sessions; in these instances, dead space was added and subtracted as necessary.

Towers E., Morrison-Taylor A., Demar J., Klansky A., Craig K, & Haverkamp H.C. (2020). ACUTE AND DAILY EFFECTS OF REPEATED VOLUNTARY HYPERPNEA ON PULMONARY FUNCTION IN HEALTHY ADULTS. European journal of applied physiology, 120(3), 625-633.

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Respiratory Measurements During Picture Recognition

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During the picture recognition phase, participants were breathing via a mouthpiece through the breathing circuit with a nose clip preventing nasal respiration. The breathing circuit consisted of a two-way T-shaped non-rebreathing valve (Hans Rudolph Inc., Shawnee, USA). The expiratory port of the non-rebreathing valve was connected via a sampling line to a capnograph (VacuMed, CO2 Analyzer, Gold Edition, Ventura, USA) measuring end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2). Furthermore, at the center of the non-rebreathing valve, mouth pressure was measured. The inspiratory port of the non-rebreathing valve was connected via tubing to a pneumotachograph (Hans Rudolph Inc., Shawnee, USA) measuring airflow and subsequently to a loading manifold used to apply the inspiratory resistive load (Hans Rudolph Inc., Shawnee, USA). During all blocks of the recognition memory phase airflow, mouth pressure, and ETCO2 were measured continuously. To calculate the respiratory variables including breathing frequency (f), inspiratory time (TI), tidal volume (VT), mean airflow (V'), peak inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax), and ETCO2, AcqKnowledge 4.2 (Biopac, Goleta, USA) was used.

Sucec J., Herzog M., Van den Bergh O., Van Diest I, & von Leupoldt A. (2020). The effect of dyspnea on recognition memory. International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 148.

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Inspiratory Resistance Breathing Assessment

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The Powerbreathe K5 device (POWERbreathe International Ltd., Southam, UK) was used to present eight inspiratory resistances (7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, and 49 cmH2O) increasing in intensity with a constant factor of 32%, each level requiring more effortful inhalation. Resistances were presented using Breathelink software. Inspiratory flow was registered with a pneumotachograph (Hans Rudolph Inc., Shawnee, USA) connected to the breathing device, in order to present electrocutaneous stimuli directly at the start of inhalation and to calculate categorization response times relative to the start of inhalation.
Inspiratory flow was sampled and stored at 1000 Hz.
Electrocutaneous stimuli (2 ms) were delivered at the left wrist via a reusable bar electrode (8 mm diameter, 30 mm spacing) filled with K-Y jelly and a Digitimer DS7A constant current stimulator (Digitimer Limited, Hertfordshire, UK).

Zacharioudakis N., Vlemincx E, & Van den Bergh O. (2020). Categorical interoception and the role of threat. International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 148.

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