Ht7700

Zeta-potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were tested using Zetasizer Nano series (Malvern ZEN3700,UK); SEM images were obtained by the scanning electron microscope (HITACHI S-4800, HITACHI, JAPAN); TEM images were gotten by the transmission electron microscope (HT7700, JEOL, JAPAN); Energy-dispersive spectroscopy was performed by JEM-2100 F transmission scanning electron microscope (JEM-2100 F, JEOL, JAPAN); X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) was obtained using the X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, D8 focus, Germany); DCF fluorescence was acquired by fluorescence spectrometer (Cary Eclipse, Shanghai, China); the surface functional group was measured by 3100 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR, Varian, USA); elastic modulus was tested using atomic force microscope (Bruker, Dimension FastscanBio, USA); enzyme standard instrument was used to the absorbance (EPOCH2, BioTek, Germany); the hyperspectral images were from Hyperspectral imager (Cytoviva, USA); fluorescence images of cell were obtained by Inverted fluorescent microscope (Nikon ECLIPSE Ti-S, Japan).

After synthesis by PLIs, the optical properties of GNPs were monitored using a spectrophotometer (JASCO V-570). TEM images of GNPs were recorded using two TEM devices, a Hitachi HT7700 and a JEOL JEM-2100F with accelerating voltages of 100 kV and 200 kV, respectively.

TEM images are acquired on a
Hitachi HT7700 and on a JEOL JEM-1400 Plus, both operating at 100
keV. High-resolution TEM and STEM/EDX images are taken on a FEI Talos
operating at 200 keV. For better STEM/EDX imaging, TEM samples are
submerged in ethanol after drop-casting the nanocrystal solutions
on TEM grids. Size distributions are evaluated by measuring >100
particles
per sample with ImageJ software. Absorption spectra are measured with
an Agilent Cary 5000 UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer by
measuring diluted nanocrystals in tetrachloroethylene. For absorption
coefficient determination, a thin film of nanocrystals with known
thickness is spin-coated on a glass substrate and transmission and
reflection is determined. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) measurements are performed on a Bruker Vertex 70 spectrometer
at room temperature by drop casting nanocrystal solutions on ZnSe
windows. Absorption spectra from different measurements are joined
together by matching overlapping energy ranges. Energy-dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data are measured with FEI Quanta 200 FEG
SEM microscopes, operating at 30 keV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements
are carried out on a Rigaku SmartLab 9 kW System with a rotating Cu
anode and a HyPix-3000SL 2D solid-state detector. Rietveld refinement
is performed with FullProf Suite software.

Anesthetized mice were fixed by intracardial perfusion with 2% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. Slices of thus fixed tissues were postfixed with 2% OsO4, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Epok 812 (Okenshoji Co.). Ultrathin sections were cut with a ultramicrotome (ultracut N or UC6: Leica), stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and were examined on a Hitachi HT7700 or JEOL JEM-1230 electron microscope.

The morphology and structure of the sample was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Hitachi HT 7700) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM, JEOL-2010). X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained using a Bruker D8 Advance with Cu-K_α radiation. X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of the samples were recorded on an ESCALAB 250. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on SDT 2960 with a heating rate of 10 °C min⁻¹ from 20 to 600 °C. The BET surface area was determined on an ASAP 2460 sorption apparatus. All the as-prepared samples were degassed at 150 °C for 10 h prior to nitrogen adsorption measurements. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests were carried out on a Bruker A300 spectrometer (X-band, frequency 9.43 GHz) equipped with Bruker ER4141VTM liquid nitrogen system. The microwave power was 0.595 mW and modulation amplitude 3.0 G. The samples were measured at 90 K with center field 3500 G and sweep width 5000 G.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) determination was performed on a Rigaku Dmax-rc X-ray diffractometer in the angular range of 2θ = 10°–80°. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi SU8010, Tokyo, Japan) image was taken on JEOLLTD JSM-6700F, while the transmission electron microscope (TEM) (JEOL JEM, 1011, Tokyo, Japan) that was used was the HT-7700. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on the ATR-FTIR spectrometer (Thermo Fisher, Nicolet iS5, Waltham, MA, USA) in the 650–4000 cm⁻¹ region. The compression performance of the aerogel was measured by a texture analyzer (TA, TMS-PRO, FTC, USA). The surface area was identified by the N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms at 77 K based on the BET model (Micromeritics, USA). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Fisher, Thermon ESCALAB 250XI spectrometer, USA) were recorded to characterize the elemental states.

The crystalline phase of each sample was determined via X-ray diffraction (XRD; D5000, Siemens), using copper Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) at a scan rate of 0.02° s⁻¹. The morphology of each film was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi, SU 8000), transmission electron microscopy TEM (Hitachi, HT-7700), and high-resolution TEM (JEOL JEM-2100 F). The optical absorption properties in the spectral region of 190–900 nm were assessed using a Thermo Scientific Evolution 300 UV–vis spectrophotometer. The photoluminescence and Raman spectra were collected using a Renishaw inVia 2000 system with an argon ion laser emitting at 325 and 532 nm, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed using synchrotron radiation from beamline no. 3.2 at the Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Thailand.