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96 protocols using flojo software

1

Apoptosis Induction and Flow Cytometry

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Flow cytometry was performed to study drug effects on apoptosis. H1, H2 and H3 cell lines were plated in 6-well plates (Nunc) with a concentration of 3 x 105 cells/well in 4 mL growth medium. After 24 h, CCT196969 was added to the wells in final concentrations of 1, 2 and 4 μM. Untreated cells were used as controls. 4 h before the collecting of cells, 4.08 μL of 30% H2O2, equivalent to a concentration of 10 μM, was added in one well to induce apoptosis and serve as an apoptotic control. After 72 h of incubation, growth medium was collected from the wells into tubes, and the cells were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), trypsinated and added to the growth medium before centrifuging at 900 rpm for 5 min. After removal of the supernatant, cells from each sample were resuspended in 100 μL Annexin V binding buffer (Invitrogen), and 2 μL of Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI; AlexaFluor®488 Annexin v/dead cell apoptosis kit; Molecular Probes, Life Technologies, Waltham, MA, USA) were added to the samples. After 20 min incubation the samples were vortexed and analysed using a BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA). Fluorescence in the FITC-A and PE-A channels were gated to a two-parameter histogram, and analysed using FloJo software (Tree Star Inc., Ashland, OR, USA). The experiment was repeated 3 times for each cell line.
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Flow Cytometry Analysis of Human Macrophages

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Human macrophages were detached using ice-cold 1.5 mM EDTA in Hank’s balanced salt solution. Cells were washed with precooled staining buffer (PBS containing 1% BSA and 0.02% NaN3) and incubated on ice for 30 min with 4.8 mg/ml human IgG (Beriglobin P; CSL Behring, King of Prussia, PA) to prevent nonspecific binding of the mAbs to Fc receptors. Then, antibody-fluorochrome conjugates with appropriate isotype controls were added. Cells were incubated for 30 min on ice and then washed with the staining buffer. Samples were analyzed on a LSRII flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and the data were further processed with the FloJo software (Treestar, Ashland, OR). Living cells were gated according to their forward- and side-scatter characteristics and dead cells were excluded using DAPI or 7-aminoactinomycin D (Sigma-Aldrich). Cells were scored positively that had a higher fluorescence than the cut-off of 0.5% of the isotype control mAbs. In graphs, geometric mean of fluorescence corrected for background staining using matched isotype control mAb is shown.
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3

Apoptosis Analysis in Multiple Myeloma

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Flow cytometry was performed on the human in H929, U266, and 5TGM1 mouse multiple myeloma cells as described previously (32 (link)). Apoptosis was analyzed using Annexin V. Anti-human integrin αvβ3 antibody, clone LM609 (Millipore Corporation), anti-mouse integrin α4 and β1 (eBiosciences), and rhodamine-labeled NPs were used for flow cytometry (FACScalibur flow cytometer; Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems). Analysis was performed using FLOJO software (Tree Star).
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4

Immune Cell Isolation and Analysis

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Prior to perfusion, spleens were harvested from experimental mice. Single cell suspensions from spleens were treated with ACK erythrocyte lysis buffer. Mice were perfused with 25 mL of ice-cold PBS and brains and spinal cords were collected from perfused mice and dounce homogenized to obtain single cell suspensions. CNS cells were purified by centrifugation for 30 min in a 30% Percoll (GE Healthcare) solution as previously reported (25 (link)). Cells were incubated with the anti-Fc receptor antibody 2.4G2 prior to the addition of antibodies. The following antibodies were purchased from BD Biosciences: CD45-FITC, CD8α-APC-H7, CD19-APC-H7, CD19-BV510, B220-PE-TxRed, B220–PE-CF594, CD11b-AlexaFluor-700, MHC-v450. The following antibodies were purchased from eBioscience: MHCII-Pacific Blue, CD11c-PECy7. The following antibodies were purchased from BioLegend (San Diego, CA): CD138-PE, MHCII (I-A/I-E)-Pacific Blue, Thy1.1-PerCP, CD4-APC. Cells were acquired on a Gallios flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter) and analyzed with FloJo software (TreeStar) with doublets being excluded.
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5

Quantifying DNA Damage Response by Flow Cytometry

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Cells were seeded in 90 mm dishes and left to attach overnight prior to treatment as indicated. Cells were then fixed in 70% methanol and stored overnight at −20°C. After washing in PBS, cells were resuspended in 2mLs PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.25% Triton-X100. Following 15 min incubation on ice, cells were resuspended with the antibody, anti-γH2AX [(ser139) (#2577 Cell Signaling, MA, USA), 1:50] diluted in 50 μL of PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA and 0.25% Triton-X100 and incubated for 2 hours. Cells were then washed with 0.25% Triton-X100 in PBS and incubated with the secondary antibody Alexfluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:500, diluted in 100 μL PBS supplemented with 1% BSA) for 30 min protected from light. Following a final wash with PBS, cells were incubated with 5 μL RNaseA (2 mg/mL) and 200 μL propidium iodide (PI, 50 μg/mL) for 15 minutes in the dark. Samples were analysed by flow cytometry using the FACSCalibur 488 nm laser (BD Biosciences, CA, USA) and more than 10000 cells were counted. All experiments were repeated three times. Data were analysed using FLOJO software (Tree Star, San Carlos, CA, USA).
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6

Immunophenotyping and Tetramer Staining

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Single cell suspensions were resuspended in PBS supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum and 2mM EDTA. Samples were blocked with CD16/32 and stained using standard procedures, antibodies used for these studies are described in Table 1. Events were recorded on BD LSRII flow cytometer and results were analyzed using FloJo software (Tree Star Inc). Tetramer staining was performed using MHV68 peptide specific tetramers, p79/H-2Kb and p56/H-2Db, generated by the NIH Tetramer Core at Yerkes National Primate Research Center at Emory University. For intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS) eBioscience fixable viability dye (catalog # 65-0865-14) was used.
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7

Caspase Activation in CAR-T Cells

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The following monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes were used: Coxackie-adenovirus receptor, GD2, CD95 (Fas), CD80, CD86, CD40L, OX40L, CD25, CD69, IFN, CD3, granzyme B (BD Biosciences), TRAIL, TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 (Biolegend). Expression of GD2.CAR by T cells was detected using a specific anti-idiotype, 1A7 (TriGem, Titan), followed by staining with secondary antibody RAM-IgG1 (BD Biosciences). FACS data were collected with a FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson) and analyzed using FloJo software version 9.3 (Tree Star). For the caspase assay, CHLA-255 cells were seeded in 24-well plates (1 × 105/well), infected with Ad5Δ24 or mock (100 vp/cell), and cultured for 4 days. Control and GD2.CAR-T cells (2.5 × 105/well) were then added to the tumor cells. Active caspases in CHLA-255 cells were measured at 0, 2 and 4 hrs by FACS. The apoptotic cells were stained using Vybrant FAM Poly Caspases Assay Kit (Molecular Probes) according to manufacture’s instructions. The frequency of early apoptotic cells was determined as percentage of FAM+ (carboxyfluorescein group as a reporter) cells excluding CD3+ and PI+ cells from the analysis(32 (link)).
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8

Intracellular Calcium Analysis of B Cells

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Primary B cells were prepped for real-time intracellular calcium analysis as previously described (19 (link)). For stimulation in vitro, B cells were stimulated with 3.0μg of b-7-6 (anti-μ) or 1.5μg of 1-3-5 (anti-δ) anti-immunoglobulin heavy chain antibodies, 15.0μg of polyclonal rabbit-anti-mouse-CD79 or ionomycin (1.0μM) and analyzed by cytometry using an LSR-II (B.D. Sciences) and FloJo software (Treestar). Experiments using B cells from CIA mice were conducted as previously described; cells were resuspended in RPMI1640 supplemented with 0.1% BSA and 25 mM HEPES and loaded with Fura-2AM (1μM, Invitrogen) for 30 minutes at 37°C. After washing, the cells were transferred to a 96-well plate. Stimulation was performed with 7.5μg of polyclonal goat-anti-mouse-IgM using the Flexstation II device (Molecular Devices) and analyzed by SoftMax Pro software. Following stimulation, the response was measured based on area under the curve of the relative intracellular calcium concentration, minus that of the unstimulated background.
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9

Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Flies

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Measurement of neural mitochondrial membrane potential from 30- to 35-day-old flies was conducted as previously described (Burman et al., 2012 (link)), except that dissections were performed in supplemented DME/Ham’s F-12 High Glucose media lacking phenol red (Sigma), and all incubation steps were carried out at 25°C. In addition, 10 nM tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) was utilized throughout the protocol. The % of cells harboring polarized mitochondria was determined using FloJo software (Treestar Inc., Ashland, OR), and defined as the % of cells exhibiting relative TMRE fluorescence above 103 arbitrary fluorescence units, as previously described (Burman et al., 2012 (link)). All flow cytometry measurements were performed on a Becton-Dickinson LSR II flow cytometer.
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10

Multiparametric Analysis of T Cell Responses

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Spleens were collected and tissue was processed into single-cell suspension. Surface staining was conducted by incubating splenocytes with appropriate antibody cocktails for 20 min at 4°C. Endogenous memory and naïve CD8 T cells were detected based upon surface staining with anti-CD8 (clone 53-6.7, eBioscience) and anti-CD11a (clone M17/4, eBioscience) as previously described (30 (link)). P14 cells were detected based upon surface staining with anti-CD8 and anti-Thy1.1 (clone His51, eBioscience), and in some instances 1° earlyM and lateM or 1° and 3° memory P14 cells were distinguished from one another based upon additional surface staining with anti-Thy1.2 (clone 53-2.1, eBioscience). Intracellular cytokine staining was performed using anti-IFN-γ (clone XMG1.2, eBioscience) or anti-granzymeB (anti-GrB; clone GB12, Invitrogen). Flow cytometry data was acquired using FACSCanto (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and analyzed using FloJo software (Tree Star Inc., Ashland, OR, USA).
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