Model 6000

The catalysts were characterized by powder XRD. The XRD patterns with diffraction intensity versus 2θ were recorded in a Shimadzu X-ray diffractometer (Model 6000) using Cu K_α radiation. TEM studies were conducted on the Hitachi HT-7700 with an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. High-resolution and dark-field TEM images were acquired from the Tecnai G2 F20 S-twin TEM at 200 kV. Surface area was measured by N₂ physisorption (Micromeritics, ASAP 2020 HD88) based on Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were acquired using a Thermo Electron Model K-Alpha with Al K_α as the excitation source.

High‐resolution TEM images and elemental mapping images were obtained using a field‐emission transmission electron microscope operated at 200 kV (JEOL JEM‐F200). The XRD pattern was recorded using a powder diffractometer (Shimadzu, Model 6000) in the 2θ range of 5–90°. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra were collected using a K‐Alpha Thermo Electron Model. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements (Nano ZS90 Zetasizer, Malvern) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, NICOLET 6700) were used to characterize the functional groups and stability of the nanostructures. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were measured at 77 K using a BSD‐PM2 (BeiShiDe, China) gas adsorption analyzer after the sample was first degassed at 150 °C overnight. Specific surface areas were determined using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method, while total pore volumes were determined using the adsorption branch of the N₂ isotherm at p/p₀ = 0.99 (multiple points). Between 40–60 mg of the material was used for each measurement. Tissue distributions of the USL were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. ROS were identified using an ESR spectrometer (Bruker, USA).