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6 protocols using centa

1

Antibiotic Binding Assay Protocol

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Ampicillin, cefotaxime,
cefoxitin, CENTA, moxalactam, penicillin G, penicillin V, and kanamycin
were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Nitrocefin was from
Becton Dickinson Company (Cockeysville, Md). Fluorescein-5-maleimide
was purchased from Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR, USA). The chemical
structures of the fluorescein-5-maleimide and antibiotics used in
this study are shown in Figure S1.
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2

Cheopin Impacts Bacterial Membrane Integrity

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The effects of cheopin on the integrity of the bacterial outer membranes were studied by measuring the β-lactamase activity as previously described73 (link) with slight modifications. Briefly, Y. pestis strains carrying the β-lactamase-encoding plasmid pUC19 were grown in the presence of ampicillin to an O.D. of 0.2–0.3, washed twice with 10 mL of PBS-CM (pH 7.4, supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 0.5 mM MgCl2) by centrifugation (5 min, 5000 × g) and resuspended (1×107 CFU/mL) in PBS-CM containing 180 μM CENTA, a chromogenic β-lactamase substrate (Sigma). Cells (100 μL) were then incubated with 4 μM cheopin or Fast Break lysis solution (Promega, Madison, WI) and absorbance at 405 nm was measured for 1h using a BioTek Synergy H1M plate reader set to 28°C.
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3

Enzymatic Activity Assays for Bla, PGA, and RjFDH

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Bla specific activity (ABla) was determined photometrically as described elsewhere (Bebrone et al. 2001 (link)). CENTA (Sigma-Aldrich/Merck, Germany) was used as substrate and the change in absorption was measured at 405 nm (ε 6400 L mol−1 cm−1) over 1 min. The activity test consisted of 920 μL KPi buffer (100 mmol L−1, pH 7.5), 70 μL CENTA (5 mmol L−1), and 10 μL sample solution.
The influence of the different tags and their varying molecular masses on the activity of Bla is described by the initial catalytic activity δA¯initial=ktaggedBlakuntaggedBla with kEnzyme = (AEnzyme · MEnzyme).
PGA specific activity (APGA) was determined photometrically with NIPAB (abcr GmbH, Germany) as substrate measuring the change in absorption at 405 nm (ε 9090 L mol−1 cm−1) over 1 min. The activity test consisted of 800 μL KPi buffer (100 mmol L−1, pH 7.5), 100 μL NIPAB (5 mmol L−1), and 100 μL sample solution.
RjFDH specific activity (ARjFDH) was determined photometrically via NAD+ reduction (Sigma-Aldrich/Merck, Germany) measuring the change in absorption at 340 nm (ε 6300 L mol−1 cm−1) over 1 min. The activity test consisted of 775 μL KPi buffer (100 mmol L−1, pH 7.5), 100 μL potassium formate (1 mol L−1), 25 μL NAD+ (100 mmol L−1), and 100 μL sample solution.
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4

Membrane Permeability Changes in E. coli Induced by LF MF

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Changes in the permeability of the outer membrane of E. coli induced by MNPs exposed to LF MF were assessed by measuring the release of β-lactamase from the cell periplasm to the suspension medium. The samples prepared as described in Section 2.7 were exposed to LF MF for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min and then centrifuged at 10,000× g for 1 min to sediment the cells. The chromogenic substrate CENTA (2 µL with concentration of 2.5 µg/µL) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was added to the supernatant (198 µL), and the change in the absorbance at 405 nm was measured [39 (link),40 (link)]. A sample prepared and processed the same way except without exposure to LF MF was used as a reference.
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5

Comprehensive Biochemical Assays and Cell Culture Protocols

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Cell culture grade DMSO (Cat No D2650), Congo Red (Cat No C6277), Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS, D8537), Evans Blue (Cat No E2129), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH, Cat No N4505), oxaloacetate (Cat No O4126) and RPMI 1640 cell culture media (Cat No R8758) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Fulvestrant (Cat No S1191) was purchased from Selleckchem. Lapatinib (HY-50898), nilotinib (Cat No HY-10159), sorafenib (Cat No HY-10201) and vemurafenib (Cat No HY-12057) were purchased from MedChem Express. 3′,3′′,5′,5′′-Tetraiodophenolphthalein (TIPT, Cat No sc-216639) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. AmpC β-lactamase was purified from Escherichia coli as previously described.30 (link) Malate dehydrogenase (MDH, Cat No 442610) and CENTA (Cat No 219475) were purchased from EMD Millipore. Trypsin (Cat No T0303) and Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Arg-pNA (Cat No L1720) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and BACHEM respectively. Cell line MDA-MB-231 (Cat No HTB-26) was purchased from ATCC. Triton X-100 (Cat No 21568-2500) was purchased from Acros. Presto Blue cell viability reagent (Cat No A13262) was purchased from Invitrogen. 96-well plates (Cat No 655096) for DLS were purchased from Greiner Bio-One.
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6

Purification and Characterization of Enzymes

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AmpC β-lactamase was purified from Escherichia coli as previously described.73 (link) Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was purchased from VWR (M7032) and Sigma-Aldrich (CA97061-502). Trypsin from porcine pancreas (T0303) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. HIV-2 protease was kindly provided to us by Dr. Charles Craik (UCSF). CENTA (219574) was purchased from EMD Millipore. Chromogenic trypsin substrate -benzoyl-dl-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BApNA) (B4875) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Anthranilyl-HIV protease substrate (H-2992) was purchased from BACHEM. Oxaloacetate (O4126), reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (N4505), brazilin (PH010674), noscapine (363960, purity: 97%), delphinidin chloride (43725, purity: ≥ 95%), kaempferol (60010, purity: ≥ 97%), and curcumin (08511, purity: ≥ 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Canadine (C175175, purity: 96%) and bufalin (B689510, purity: 98%) were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals. Equol (S2450, purity: 99%), silibinin (S2357, purity: 99%), puerarin (S2346, purity: 99%), physcion (S2395, purity: 99%), phlorizin (S2343, purity: 99%), and emodin (S2295, purity: 99%) were purchased from Selleck Chemicals. Diphyllin (N038-0217) was purchased from Molport. Triton X-100 (TB0198) was purchased from Bio Basic Canada.
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