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4 protocols using cadmium perchlorate hydrate

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles

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All of the reagents and precursors, including cadmium perchlorate hydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, Cd(ClO4)2 · 6H2O), sodium sulphide (Synth, Diadema, Brazil, >98%, Na2S · 9H2O), and hydrochloric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, 36.5% to 38%, HCl) were used as received. Glycol Chitosan (G-CHI; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, PN# G7753; degree of polymerization ≥400, lot supplied = 2,000 (Mw ~ 410 kDa); degree of deacetylation DD ≥60%, lot supplied = 76.2%) was used as the ligand. Chitosan (Aldrich Chemical, St. Louis, MO, USA, catalogue#419419; high molecular weight, Mw = 310 to >395 kDa; degree of deacetylation DD ≥75.0%; viscosity 800 to 2,000 cPoise, 1 wt.% in 1% acetic acid) was used as the reference polysaccharide ligand. Unless otherwise indicated, deionised water (DI water; Millipore Simplicity™, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) with a resistivity of 18 MΩ · cm was used to prepare the solutions, and the procedures were conducted at room temperature (RT; 23°C ± 2°C).
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2

Peptide Synthesis and Explosive Detection

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All chemicals studied were analytical grade. TentaGel Resin (capacity: 0.25 mmol g -1 ) was purchased from Intavis AG (Cologne, Germany). N-Fluorenyl-9-methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protected L-amino acids, O-benzotriazole-N,N,N',N'-tetra-methyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate (HBTU), diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), triisopropylsilane (TIPS), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 20% piperidine solution in DMF were obtained from Watanabe Chemical Ind., Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan). Dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), toluene and acetonitrile were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corp. (Osaka, Japan). TNT solution solution (1mg mL -1 in acetonitrile), 2-propanol, sodium hydrate, cadmium perchlorate hydrate, cysteamine and thiourea were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Aluminum telluride were provided from ABSCO Limited (Haverhill, UK) and stored under N2 atmosphere. Sulfuric acid was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). 1,2-Ethanedithiol (EDT), thioanisole, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2-nitrotoluene (2-NT) and amyl nitrate were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). All aqueous solutions were prepared with MilliQ grade deionized water.
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3

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

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Tetrachloroauric acid, sodium borohydride, ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromide (CTAB), mercury(II) chloride, cadmium perchlorate hydrate, lead(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, manganese(II) chloride and copper(II) chloride and (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTES) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Ireland). All glassware was cleaned with piranha solution prior to nanorod synthesis. Milli-Q water (resistivity > 18 MΩ cm−1) was used for all the experiments.
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4

Fabrication and Sensing of Metal Ions

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All reagents used for device fabrication and sensing were utilized without further pre-treatment. ARS, a commercially available river sample with trace elements in river water (Elevated Level, NMIJ CRM 7202-c, Supplementary Table S1), and iron(III) nitrate enneahydrate (Fe3+) were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. The target metal ions including cobalt(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Co2+), calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate (Ca2+), lead(II) perchlorate trihydrate (Pb2+), cadmium perchlorate hydrate (Cd2+), nickel(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Ni2+), copper(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (Cu2+), magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate (Mg2+), aluminum perchlorate non-ahydrate (Al3+), mercury(II) perchlorate hydrate (Hg2+), and zinc perchlorate hexahydrate (Zn2+) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The building blocks of the chemosensors purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. were 3-NPBA, BPR, PR, and PV. A buffer material purchased from DOJINDO was 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). All aqueous solutions were prepared using Milli-Q water (18.2 Ω cm).
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