The analytical chemicals
polyethylene glycol [PEG,
Mn = 4000 g mol
−1],
nickel nitrate [Ni(NO
3)
2·6H
2O], and
methanol (CH
3OH; ≥99.5%) were acquired from Fisher Scientific.
d-Glucose (C
6H
12O
6), ammonium sulphate [(NH
4)
2SO
4; ≥99.5%], and
urea [CO(NH
2)
2] were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. The basic methyl esters for gas chromatography (GC) analysis (heptadecanoate, methyl-myristate, methyl-stearate, methyl-linoleate, methyl-palmitate, and methyl-oleate) were delivered by Fluka, USA.
The WCPO [holding 17.0% FFAs, acid value of 34.0 mg KOH per g, saponification value of 171.0 mg KOH per g, density (15 °C) of 0.91 g cm
−3, and kinematic viscosity (40 °C) of 33.0 mm
2 s
−1] was obtained from a local market, Malaysia. The supplied WCPO contained five most important FFAs including myristic acid (C14:0, 2.70%), stearic acid (C18:0, 7.13%), linoleic acid (C18:2, 12.59%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 34.80%), and oleic acid (C18:1, 42.78%).
Soltani S., Shojaei T.R., Khanian N., Yaw Choong T.S., Rashid U., Nehdi I.A, & Yusoff R.B. (2020). The implementation of artificial neural networks for the multivariable optimization of mesoporous NiO nanocrystalline: biodiesel application. RSC Advances, 10(22), 13302-13315.