N hexane

Probenecid, furosemide, warfarin and poly-D-Lysine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). 6-Carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) was obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and trypsin were purchased from Gibco (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Hygromycin B was purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). BCA protein assay kit was purchased from Cwbio (Beijing, China). Methanol, n-hexane, dichloromethane, and n-butanol were purchased from J&K Chemical (Beijing, China). All other chemicals, unless indicated, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Acrylamide (AA, ≥99%), lysine (Lys, ≥98%), tryptophan (Trp, ≥99%), GABA (≥98%), glycine (Gly, ≥99.5%) and n-hexane were purchased from J&K Scientific Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). Methanol (HPLC), D₂O and DMSO were purchased from Energy Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). A-HG type octadecyl bonded 1 silica gel was purchased from YMC Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan). Dextran gel Sephadex LH-20 was purchased from Extrasynthese Co., Ltd (Lyon, France). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin-streptomycin were purchased from Shanghai Zhongqiao Xinzhou Biotechnology Co., Ltd, (China). Ten food products (Potato chips A, Potato chips B, Potato chips C, brown rice cake, egg biscuit, cereal bars, dough twist, walnut cake and rice crust) were purchased from Utilize modern supermarkets (Guangzhou, China).

A total of 130 sow colostrum samples and 100 sow milk samples were collected from healthy sows in China. Colostrum (15 mL) was collected on the first day after the birth of the first piglet by hand-milking. Milk (15 mL) was collected on the 15th day of lactation after injecting 2 mL of oxytocin. The basal diet of all sows was composed of corn-soybean to meet the nutrient requirements for pregnant and lactating sows, as recommended [25 ]. The collected samples were transported to the laboratory on ice and stored at −80 °C until analysis. A total of 22 commercial piglet formulas, produced by local manufactures, were purchased from the Chinese market. J&K Scientific supplied HPLC-grade methanol and n-hexane (Beijing, China). Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) supplied a standard mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, thin-layer chromatography plates (silica gel 60, 10 × 20 cm, 0.20–0.50 mm), petroleum ether, ethanol, diethyl ether, ammonia solution, and other analytical-grade reagents.

Chromatographic grade n-hexane and methanol were purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd (China). Sulfuric acid (purity 95–98 %) was analytical grade and was obtained from Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (China). Chemically pure glyceryl trioleate (TAG) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (SCRC) China. Methyl hexadecanoate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Soybean oil was purchased from a local supermarket, and the microalgal lipids were prepared using I. zhangjiangensis and Chaetoceros sp. cultured in our lab. Chlorella Vulgaris and Nannochloropsis were obtained from South China University of Technology and Beihang University, respectively.
Syringe pumps were purchased from Baoding Longer Precision Pump Co., Ltd. The Y-shaped MR is a simple triple valves with a 0.25 mm inner diameter from Dalian Elite Analytical Instruments Co., Ltd. The T-shaped and Q-shaped with 0.25 mm inner diameter MRs used in the studies were manufactured using glasses.

A standard mixture of 37 FAMEs (fatty acid methyl esters) and lipase from porcine pancreas (type II) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Thin-layer chromatography plates (TLC; 10 × 20 cm; mean pore diameter 60 Å, average particle size 2–25 µm, thickness 500 µm, with dichlorofluorescein) were obtained from Shanghai Shangbang Decoration Materials Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). TAG standards, glyceryl trioleate (purity ≥ 99%), 1,3-myristin-2-olein (purity ≥ 99%), 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (purity ≥ 99%), 1(3)-palmitin-2-olein-3(1)-laurin (purity ≥ 99%) and 1(3),2-dioleoyl-3(1)-palmitoyl-sn-glycerols (purity ≥ 99%) were obtained from Larodan Fine Chemicals AB (Malmö, Sweden). Supercritical CO₂ (purity ≥ 99.999%) was bought from Wuxi Yuantong Company (Wuxi, China). N-hexane, ethanol, acetonitrile and ammonium formate were chromatographically pure and bought from J&K Scientific (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was utilized to prepare all solutions. All other solvents and reagents, such as methanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, potassium hydroxide, anhydrous sodium sulfate and acetic acid, were of chromatographic and analytical grade.

Standards of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), acrylamide, and d₃-acrylamide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA). Zinc acetate, petroleum ether, formic acid, potassium hexacyanoferrate, n-hexane, petroleum ether, acetonitrile (HPLC grade), and methanol were purchased from J&K Scientific (Beijing, China).
Wheat flour (low-gluten flour, medium-gluten flour, and strong-gluten flour) were purchased from Weifang Kite Flour Co., Ltd. (Weifang, Shangdong, China). Yeast was provided by Angel Yeast Co., Ltd. (Yichang, Hubei, China). Sucrose was purchased from Guangzhou Fuzheng Donghai Food Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, Guangdong, China). Maltitol, sorbitol, and lactitol were provided by Shandong Green Construction Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Dezhou, Shangdong, China). Palm oil, soybean oil, and rapeseed oil were purchased from COFCO Corporation (Beijing, China). Shortening was obtained from Shanghai Gaofu Longhui Food Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).