Analytical grade formic acid

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, India, Italy

Analytical grade formic acid is a high-purity chemical compound used in various laboratory applications. It is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid and is widely used as a reagent, solvent, and preservative in analytical and scientific research environments.

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Lab products found in correlation

17 protocols using analytical grade formic acid

Analytical Procedures for Phytochemical Extraction

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Organic
solvents used for extractions were
HPLC grade obtained from Rathburn (Mikrolab, Aarhus, Denmark), except
for ethanol (96%), which was obtained from Kemetyl AB (Haninge, Sweden).
Acetonitrile and methanol for LC–MS analysis was LC–MS
grade purchased from Fisher Scientific (Roskilde, Denmark). Analytical
grade formic acid and LC–MS grade ammonium formate were obtained
from Sigma-Aldrich (Copenhagen, Denmark), LC–MS grade acetic
acid was obtained from VWR (Søborg, Denmark), and analytical
grade ammonium hydroxide was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
All water used was Milli-Q water collected from a Dionex (Hvidovre,
Denmark) Milli-Q purifier. Gelsemine, senecionine, senkirkine, atropine,
aucubin, and amygdalin were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
Triptolide was purchased from BioNordika (Herlev, Denmark), whereas
methyllycaconitine was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Sucrose (>99%)
for
the feeding solutions was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Vidkjær N.H., Fomsgaard I.S, & Kryger P. (2021). LC–MS/MS Quantification Reveals Ample Gut Uptake and Metabolization of Dietary Phytochemicals in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(2), 627-637.

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Quantitative Analysis of Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes

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Chemicals and solutions. Analytical-grade standards of thymol [5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)phenol], carvacrol [2-methyl-(propan-2-yl)phenol], p-cymene [1-methyl-4-(propan-2-yl)benzene], α-terpinene [4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene], γ-terpinene [4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene], linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol), borneol (endo-1,7,7-trimethyl- bicycle[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol), β-cariophyllene {(1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene}, β-myrcene (7-methyl-3-methylene-octa-1,6-diene), α-terpineol [2-(4-Methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)propan-2-ol], β-pinene (6,6-dimethyl-2-methylidenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane), limonene [1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene] and xylene (dimethylbenzene), used as the internal standard (IS) for CEC-DAD, were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). MS-grade acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH), analytical-grade formic acid, and ammonium acetate were also purchased from Sigma Aldrich, while ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm) was obtained by means of a Milli-Q system from Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA). Analyte and IS stock solutions (1 mg/mL) were prepared in MeOH and stored at −20 °C, working solutions were prepared daily by dilution in the mobile phase of each system and stored protected from light in amber glass vials.

Micucci M., Protti M., Aldini R., Frosini M., Corazza I., Marzetti C., Mattioli L.B., Tocci G., Chiarini A., Mercolini L, & Budriesi R. (2020). Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil Solid Formulation: Chemical Profile and Spasmolytic and Antimicrobial Effects. Biomolecules, 10(6), 860.

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Liquid Chromatography Reagent Preparation

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Chromatography-grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Honeywell, Burdick, & Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). Leucine enkephalin and analytical grade formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) and Harbin Biotechnology Company (Harbin, China), respectively. Standards were obtained from commercial sources.

Sun H., Zhao J., Zhong D, & Li G. (2017). Potential serum biomarkers and metabonomic profiling of serum in ischemic stroke patients using UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS. PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189009.

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Quantification of Bisphenol Analogs in Cells

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BPA- ({diphenyl-}^{13} C_{12})

(

{BPA-}^{13} C_{12}

, 98%;

100 μ g / mL

acetonitrile) and

BPS- ({diphenyl-}^{13} C_{12})

(

{BPS-}^{13} C_{12}

, 98%;

100 μ g / mL

methanol) were from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. BPS (98%, solid) and Lucifer Yellow dilithium salt were from Sigma-Aldrich.

β -glucuronidase

and sulfatase from Helix pomatia (

\geq 100,000 units / mL

β -glucuronidase

;

\leq 7,500 units / mL

sulfatase) were from Sigma-Aldrich. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity kit was from TaKaRa. TRITON® X-100, PROTEIN GRADE® Detergent (10% solution, sterile filtered) was from Sigma-Aldrich. Liquid chromatography (LC)–grade water, methanol, and acetonitrile were from Fisher Scientific. LC-grade ammonium acetate and analytical grade formic acid (98%) were from Sigma-Aldrich.

Liu J, & Martin J.W. (2019). Comparison of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S Percutaneous Absorption and Biotransformation. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(6), 067008.

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Ethoxyresorufin-based Analytical Assay

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Ethoxy resorufin (ER), resorufin (RES), resorufin-d6, NADPH, and analytical grade formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS grade water, acetonitrile, and methanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Hampton, NH, USA). All other reagents and chemicals were of the highest grade and obtained from commercially available sources.

Venkatapura Chandrashekar D, & Mehvar R. (2020). UPLC-MS/MS analysis of CYP1A-mediated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation activity in the rat kidney microsomes. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 1153.

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Optimized Quantification of Benzodiazepines

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IMP (purity > 98%) was purchased from MUST (Chengdu, China). Diazepam was purchased from Tianjin KingYork Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Clonazepam, nordazepam, and temazepam (purity > 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.Louis, MO, USA), and Clonazepam was used as the internal standard (IS). NADPH was purchased from Roche (Shanghai, China). Ultra-pure water was prepared by a Milli-Q puriﬁcation system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Analytical grade formic acid was provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). UPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Merck Company (Darmstadt, Germany). The BCA Protein Assay Kit was purchased from Beyotime (Beijing, China). Blank rat plasma samples were supplied by drug-free rats from the Laboratory Animal Center of Wenzhou Medical University. All other chemicals for this study were reagent grade and used without further puriﬁcation.

Zhou Y., Meng D., Chen F., Wu Z., Wang B., Wang S., Geng P., Dai D., Zhou Q, & Qiu W. (2020). Inhibitory Effect of Imperatorin on the Pharmacokinetics of Diazepam In Vitro and In Vivo. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 01079.

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Quantitative Determination of OME and (S)-Lansoprazole

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OME (racemate) and (S)-Lansoprazole (internal standard, IS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), and GO was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The polyethylene material (PE), with a pore size of 0.2 µm, was a commercial material and was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and its surface was not chemically modified. This material is already used as filter for aqueous solutions. The tablet form was prepared by a homemade tool. HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical grade formic acid and ammonium hydroxide were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). A Milli-Q Plus water purification system from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA) was used for water purification.

Zohdi Z., Hashemi M., Uheida A., Moein M.M, & Abdel-Rehim M. (2019). Graphene Oxide Tablets for Sample Preparation of Drugs in Biological Fluids: Determination of Omeprazole in Human Saliva for Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules, 24(7), 1191.

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Habanero Phytochemical Characterization

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Habanero CPSs (Capsicum chinense) were obtained from Italmesa Company, Puebla, Mexico. The enzymatic commercial complex Celuzyme (Cellulase, 121,000 UI/kg) was kindly donated by Enmex S.A. de C.V., Estado de Mexico, Mexico. Gallic acid and CAP (> 97%, M2028) used as standard in the HPLC quantification were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, United States). HPLC grade methanol and analytical grade formic acid were procured from Merck (Merck, India). For the in vitro experiments, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, United States), fetal bovine serum (GenDEPOT, Barker, TX, United States), and penicillin-streptomycin antibiotics were purchased. Finally, a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was obtained from the American Type Cell Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, United States).

Cortes-Ferre H.E., Antunes-Ricardo M, & Gutiérrez-Uribe J.A. (2022). Enzyme-assisted extraction of anti-inflammatory compounds from habanero chili pepper (Capsicum chinense) seeds. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 942805.

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Simultaneous Quantification of Amlodipine and Rosuvastatin

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Reference standards of amlodipine besylate (purity 99.95%), amlodipine d4 maleate (IS1; purity 99.35%) and rosuvastatin d6 sodium salt (IS2; purity 99.87%) were purchased from Vivan Life Sciences Ltd. (Mumbai, India), while rosuvastatin calcium (purity 95.40%) was from Hetero Drugs Ltd. (Hyderabad, India). Water used for the LC/MS/MS analysis was prepared from Milli Q water purification system procured from Millipore (Bangalore, India). HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from J.T Baker (Phillipsburg, USA); while ethyl acetate and n-hexane were from Merck Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Analytical grade formic acid and ammonium acetate were also purchased from Merck (Mumbai, India). The control human plasma sample was procured from Deccan’s Pathological Labs (Hyderabad, India).

Narapusetti A., Bethanabhatla S.S., Sockalingam A., Repaka N, & Saritha V. (2014). Simultaneous determination of rosuvastatin and amlodipine in human plasma using tandem mass spectrometry: Application to disposition kinetics. Journal of Advanced Research, 6(6), 931-940.

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Cannabinoid Profiling of Industrial Hemp

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Industrial hemp from GEA-COM Ltd. (Budačka Rijeka, Croatia) was grown in the Crkvina area (latitude: 45°18′46.8″ N; longitude: 15°31′30″ E). At the time of harvesting, the plants were four months old; that is, they were in the reproductive phase. The hemp leaves were manually separated, sun-dried, and ground to a powder. Samples of the hemp plants were tested as received and after grinding in the mill to see whether the grinding process had any effect on the final results.
The certified standards for cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), and cannabidiol (CBD) were purchased from HPC Standards GmbH (Cunnersdorf, Germany). Methanol (MeOH) of HPLC-gradient grade was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Analytical-grade formic acid and all other solvents of analytical grade were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Balenović M., Janječić Z., Savić V., Kasap A., Popović M., Šimpraga B., Sokolović M., Bedeković D., Kiš G., Zglavnik T., Špoljarić D., Krstulović F., Listeš I, & Zelenika T.A. (2024). Immunostimulatory and Antibacterial Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Leaves on Broilers. Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14(8), 1159.

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