Miconazole nitrate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (purity > 98%). In the experiments below, the nominal concentrations of miconazole were based on the proportion of pure chemical (i.e. 86.85%). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO > 99.5% p.a., Merck) was purchased from VWR International, Stockholm, Sweden.
Miconazole nitrate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Miconazole nitrate is a synthetic antifungal agent used in various pharmaceutical and laboratory applications. It functions as an antimycotic substance, inhibiting the growth and development of fungal organisms.
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Lab products found in correlation
Terbinafine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Resazurin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Amphotericin b, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Mops 3 n morpholine propanesulfonic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rpmi 1640 medium, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Isopentane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oct mounting medium, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Lc ms grade acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by Biosolve (1 mentions)
Dipotassium phosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Monopotassium phosphate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Triphenylphosphine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N bromosuccinimide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N n dimethylacetamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hank s balanced salt solution, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dmso d6, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium borohydride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
8 protocols using miconazole nitrate
1
Miconazole Nitrate Purity Characterization
2
Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Ag-HPA Salts Against Sporothrix spp.
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Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the Ag-HPA salts were determined using the broth microdilution technique, according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 recommendations [22 ]. The compound suspensions were twofold serially diluted in RPMI 1640 medium (India) buffered with 0.16 M MOPS (3-[N-morpholine] propane sulfonic acid) (Sigma-Aldrich) in 96-well tissue culture plates at concentrations varying from 512-0.125 μg/ml. Antifungals such as itraconazole, miconazole nitrate, terbinafine and amphotericin B (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as positive controls. An inoculum of yeast cells was obtained in saline solution (0.85%), corresponding to 0.5 McFarland suspension of 5 × 105 CFU/ml, which was determined with a densitometer at OD550nm and diluted 1:1000 in RPMI 1640 medium. Each well was filled with 0,1 ml of Sporothrix spp. inoculum and 0,1 ml of compound suspensions to obtain a final Ag-HPA salt concentration of 0.0625-256 μg/ml. All microtitration plates were incubated in a humid chamber at 37°C for 96 h. The MIC values were defined as the lowest concentration that imposed complete inhibition of Sporothrix spp. growth, which was revealed by adding 30 μl/well resazurin (100 μg/ml) reagent (Sigma-Aldrich). The tests were performed in triplicate on two different days.
3
Econazole Quantification in Topical Formulations
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Acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Reinach, Switzerland). Formic acid (extra pure 99%) was obtained from Biosolve Chemicals (Dieuze, France). ECZ, miconazole nitrate (MCZ; analytical internal standard), isopentane and Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride; DPBS) was sourced from Sigma-Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland). Brij™ C20-PA-(RB) was purchased from Croda Europe (East Yorkshire, England). O.C.T. mounting medium was obtained from VWR Chemicals (Leuven, Belgium). Ultrapure water (Millipore Milli-Q Gard 1 Purification Pack resistivity >18 MΩ·cm; Zug, Switzerland) was used to prepare all solutions. Marketed formulations of econazole—ECZ 1% RMP cream (w/w), ECZ 1% Generic cream 1 (w/w), ECZ 1% Generic cream 2 (w/w) and ECZ 1% ethanolic solution—were purchased in a local pharmacy of a Member State of the European Union.
4
Synthesis and Characterization of β-Cyclodextrin Derivatives
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β-CD (molecular weight: 1,134.98 Da), lithium bromide (LiBr), triphenylphosphine (Ph3P), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), thiourea, 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Ellman’s reagent), Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS), resazurin (7-hydroxy- 3H-phenoxazin-3-one 10-oxide) sodium salt, cysteine, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6), tetramethylsilane (TMS), fluorescein diacetate (FDA), minimum essential medium Eagle (MEM), sodium chloride, miconazole nitrate, methanol, trifluoroacetic acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), acetic acid, monopotassium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, and Triton-X 100 were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria.
Cell culture medium was prepared by using MEM powder 9.66 g/L (modified with Earle’s salts; phenol red; 19 amino acids; and the non-essential amino acids L-asp, L-asn, L-glu, L-ser, L-ala, L-gly, and L-pro), L-glutamine 2 mM, sodium bicarbonate 2.2 g/L, 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS and 100 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 6.8 were purchased from Gibco (Invitrogen, Lofer, Austria). Pretreated standard grade regenerated dialysis tubing of cellulose membrane (molecular weight cutoff of 500–1,000 Da) was purchased from Spectrum Lab, Göttingen, Germany. All other materials were of analytical grade and received from commercial sources.
Cell culture medium was prepared by using MEM powder 9.66 g/L (modified with Earle’s salts; phenol red; 19 amino acids; and the non-essential amino acids L-asp, L-asn, L-glu, L-ser, L-ala, L-gly, and L-pro), L-glutamine 2 mM, sodium bicarbonate 2.2 g/L, 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS and 100 mM phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) pH 6.8 were purchased from Gibco (Invitrogen, Lofer, Austria). Pretreated standard grade regenerated dialysis tubing of cellulose membrane (molecular weight cutoff of 500–1,000 Da) was purchased from Spectrum Lab, Göttingen, Germany. All other materials were of analytical grade and received from commercial sources.
5
UPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Miconazole
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Miconazole nitrate and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous salt were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS-grade acetonitrile and water, as well as LC-grade water, were purchased from Witko (Łódź, Poland). MS-grade ammonium formate was obtained from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA) and MS-grade formic acid (98%) was acquired from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A. (Gliwice, Poland).
6
Assay for Cytochrome P450 Activity
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Miconazole nitrate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Black costar 96 well plates were obtained from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Vivid® CYP450 Blue Screening Kit and Vivid® Substrate, 7-benzyl-oxymethyloxy-3-cyanocoumarin, (BOMCC) were purchased from Life Technologies, (Grand Island, NY, USA). Standard for epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid for identification of constituents of herbal extracts were purchased from Chromadex (Wesel, Germany). Purified water (double-distilled and deionized) was obtained from Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA).
7
Antifungal Compound Preparation and Dilution
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The Ag-HPA salts were suspended in sterile distilled water to a ratio of 51.2 mg/ml. The antifungal drugs miconazole nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich), itraconazole and terbinafine (Sigma-Aldrich) were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich), and amphotericin B was diluted in sterile distilled water to obtain stock solutions of 12.8 mg/ml, which were maintained at -70°C. All reagents used as controls in this step were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.
8
HPLC Quantification of Miconazole in Fish Plasma
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Miconazole nitrate (white powder form, purity > 98%) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and water were purchased from Himedia Laboratories Supplies (UK). Sodium acetate was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (USA). All other chemicals used were of HPLC grade.
The stock solution was prepared at a concentration of 1000 mg l -1 MCZ in acetonitrile and stored at -20°C until further need. Six reference samples containing 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 µg ml -1 of MCZ were prepared by diluting this stock solution with drug-free pooled fish plasma. These samples were used to assess accuracy and precision. For routine use of the assay, a single-point working standard plasma containing MCZ at 1.0 µg ml -1 in drug-free plasma was prepared and stored in 1 ml aliquots at -20°C.
The stock solution was prepared at a concentration of 1000 mg l -1 MCZ in acetonitrile and stored at -20°C until further need. Six reference samples containing 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 µg ml -1 of MCZ were prepared by diluting this stock solution with drug-free pooled fish plasma. These samples were used to assess accuracy and precision. For routine use of the assay, a single-point working standard plasma containing MCZ at 1.0 µg ml -1 in drug-free plasma was prepared and stored in 1 ml aliquots at -20°C.
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