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4 protocols using smoothelin

1

Investigating VEGF-A Signaling Pathways

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Recombinant human VEGF-A protein was obtained from R&D Systems and S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) was obtained from santa cruz. Antibodies to pVEGFR2, VEGFR2, pSTAT1, STAT1, pSTAT3, STAT3, pSTAT5 and STAT5 were purchased from Cell Signaling; ACTA2, SM22, Myh11 and Smoothelin antibodies were purchased from Abcam; Myc antibody was purchased from proteintech.
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2

Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Assay

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PRF was obtained from Anhui Joyfar Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, (Bozhou, China), while Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12 and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), MTT and recombinant human PDGF-BB were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Mouse anti-cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4, α-SMA, desmin, smoothelin, phospho-protein kinase B (Akt), total Akt, phospho-ERK, total ERK, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibodies and rabbit anti-mouse secondary antibodies were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
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3

Immunofluorescence Staining of Endothelial Markers

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CD31, α-SMA (Sigma) and smoothelin (Abcam) primary antibodies (Sigma) were diluted (1∶400) in blocking buffer. 100 μl of the diluted antibody was added to each of the wells (1 h; 37°C). After washing with blocking buffer, 100 μl of AlexaFluor594-conjugated goat-anti-mouse secondary antibody was added for 1 h at 37°C (1∶400; Molecular Probes, Darmstadt, Germany). The cell nuclei were counterstained using DAPI nucleic acid stain (Molecular Probes). As negative controls, samples were incubated only in diluent and secondary antibody. Endothelial cells served as a positive control. All stained wells were viewed using an epifluorescence microscope (AxioObserver; Carl Zeiss). Images were acquired using a monochromatic digital camera (MRm; Carl Zeiss) and processed using digital software (AxioVision 4.8; Carl Zeiss).
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4

Protein Expression Analysis of Smooth Muscle Cells

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Tissues were lysed with RIPA buffer (100mM Tris (pH 7.4) (Sigma Aldrich), 4M Urea (Sigma Aldrich), 5mM EDTA (Sigma Aldrich), 0.5% SDS (Sigma Aldrich), 0.5% Nonidet P-40 (Sigma Aldrich), and protease inhibitor cocktail (Complete mini, Roche)) 36h after seeding. 15μg of total protein for each sample was run through a 4–15% Tris-HCL gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) at 120V for 2h. Then the samples were transferred to 0.2μm PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). The following primary antibodies were incubated overnight at 4°C: smoothelin (Abcam), Calponin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX), Caldesmon (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Protein bands were visualized after 1h incubation in LICOR secondary antibodies on the LICOR Odyssey (LICOR, Lincoln, NE). Image Studio Lite Version 3.1 was used to quantify protein amounts via densitometry. Each protein band value was normalized to its respective β-actin loading control and then normalized to the 10kPa substrate construct.
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