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17 protocols using icam 1

1

Glomerular Endothelial Cell Phenotyping

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Accutase (Innovative Cell Technologies) was used to remove GEnC from the
plate using primarily EDTA chelation of Mg2+ and Ca2+ to
remove cells, resulting in minimal digestion of cell surface antigens. After
washing, 250,000 GEnC were aliquoted into cluster tubes and stained for CD146
(Miltenyi, Cat N: 130-102-230), ICAM1 (BioLegend, clone YN1/1.7.4), VCAM1
(BioLegend, clone 429 (MVcam.A), MHC class I (BioLegend, clone 28-8-6), MHC
class II (Miltenyi, Cat N: 130-102-139) or P-selectin (Miltenyi, Cat N:
130-105-538). Following staining, GEnC were washed, fixed with 2%
paraformaldehyde in PBS, and analyzed by flow cytometry (BD LSR Fortessa or
Accura). Flow analyses were performed in FlowJo version 10.
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2

Fluorescent Labeling of Microvascular Networks

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Mature microvascular networks were rinsed with warm PBS followed by the addition of approximately 100 μl of 4% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, # 15700) to the media channels and left at room temperature. After 15 min of fixation, devices were rinsed twice with PBS, and blocking solution (4% bovine serum albumin, 0.5% goat serum) (Sigma-Aldrich) was added. Devices were incubated for 1 day at 4°C, washed with PBS, and stained with primary antibodies: ICAM-1 (Biolegend, 4453320),VCAM-1 (Abcam, ab134047), CD31 (Abcam, ab28364), conjugated Alexa Fluor 647 anti-human CD326 (EPCAM) (BioLegend, 324212), Acti-stain 555 phalloidin, F-actin (Cytoskeleton, PHDH1-A) and incubated at 4°C for another day. Devices were again washed with PBS and secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-11070, A-11011, A-21052) DAPI (4′,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride, Invitrogen) or DyLight 649 labeled Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (Vector Laboratories) were added, followed by incubation at 4°C protected from light. Finally, samples were washed again with PBS and 3D images were acquired with a confocal microscope (Olympus FV1000) at 20×. Z-stacks were collapsed with maximum intensity projections for viewing (800 × 800 pixels) using FIJI (22 (link)).
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3

Multiparametric Plaque Characterization

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CD45-positive cells were stained using a suitable antibody (Biolegend). Macrophage content of the atherosclerotic lesion was analyzed using an anti-CD68 antibody (Abcam). Additionally anti-CD146, anti-CD4 (both Abcam), anti-CD8 (Bioss Antibodies), and MPO (R&D Systems) antibodies were used for the differentiation of cell populations within the plaque. ICAM-1 as well as E-selectin (both Biolegend) staining was performed to visualize adhesion molecules on the plaque surface/area. A Zeiss Axio observer microscope equipped with a Hamamatsu Orca Flash (Hamamatsu) was used for fluorescence microscopy, whereas a Zeiss LSM 700 (Carl Zeiss AG) was utilized for broad-field imaging. Tissue sections were automatically analyzed using TissueFAXS (TissueGnostics) and ImageJ (NIH). All analyses were carried out by a blinded member of the study team.
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4

Simvastatin and Benznidazole Effects on E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in Trypanosoma-Infected Cells

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5×105 EA.hy926 or HUVEC cells/well were seeded in 6-well plates and exposed to various simvastatin and/or benznidazole concentrations for 24 hours. Then, cells were infected with trypomastigotes at a MOI of 10 and incubated for 16 hours. Cells were detached with 1X EDTA-PBS at 0.5 mM. The harvested cells were washed with cold PBS and centrifuged at 800 x g for 5 minutes. Then, cells were washed with flow cytometry buffer three times. 100 μL of cell suspensions were incubated for 45 min at 4°C in the dark with mouse monoclonal anti- human E-selectin (5 μL undiluted), ICAM-1(3 μL undiluted), and VCAM-1 (1 μL undiluted) that were conjugated with PE, FITC and APC, respectively (BioLegend, USA). Cell suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry using a FACSAria-III flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, USA). A homogeneous cell population was selected by size vs. granularity in log scale for these two conditions.
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5

Endothelial Cell Surface Marker Analysis

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After cold storage, ECs were warm-reperfused with/without 1μM NIM811 for 6 or 24 hours. ECs were detached, washed, and resuspended in PBS supplemented with 1% BSA (Fisher Scientific, NH) and 10μg/mL DNAse I (Sigma-Aldrich, MO). ECs were then FcR-blocked at 10μL/mL (eBioscience, CA) and stained with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies against ICAM-1, VCAM-1, PD-L1, MHC-I (BioLegend, CA), E-selectin, CD80 (BD Biosciences, NJ), and CD86 (eBioscience, CA). Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was determined by Guava easyCyte 8HT flow cytometer (Merck Millipore, MA). Data were processed with FCS Express 4 (De Novo Software, CA).
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6

Immune Cell Receptor Modulation

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Cells were preincubated with 10 μg/ml isotype controls or blocking antibodies against LFA-1 (clone: HI111, Biolegend), ICAM-1 (clone: HCD54, Biolegend), ICAM-2 (clone: CBR-IC2/2, eBioscience), ICAM-3 (clone: CBR-IC3/1, eBioscience), CD62 E/P-selectin (clone: BBIG-E6 (13D5), R&D) and IFN-I/IFNAR2 (39000-1, PBL) for 30 minutes, or with 3 μM single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides ODN 20958 (TLR7 antagonist, Miltenyi) or ODN 2088 (TLR9 antagonist, Invivogen) for 5 hours, followed by stimulation in the presence of blocking reagents unless indicated otherwise.
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7

Western Blotting and Immunostaining Assays

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For western blotting, antibodies were used as follows: TRF2 (1:500, Cell Signaling Technology, 13136), p16 (1:1000, Proteintech, 10883-1-AP), p21 Waf1/Cip1 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, 2947), γ-H2AX (ser139) (1:500, Cell Signaling Technology, 9718), 53BP1 (1:1000, Novus, NB100-304), p53 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technologies, 2524), P-p53 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technologies, 9284), Myc (1:1000, Cell signaling, Technology 2276), P-TBK1 (Ser 172) (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, 5483), TBK1 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, 3013), NF-κB P-p65 (Ser 536) (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, 3033), NF-κB p65 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, 8242), NF-κB1 p105/p50 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, 3035), cGAS (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, 15102), Actin (1:10 000, Sigma-Aldrich, A5-441), anti-rabbit HRP (1:3000, Cell Signaling Technology, 7074), anti-mouse HRP (1:3000, Cell Signaling Technology, 7076). For immunostaining: γ-H2AX (JBW301) (1:500, Merck, 05-636), H3K9me3 (1:400, Abcam, ab8898), 53BP1 (1:500, Novus, NB100-304), αSMA (Biotin) (1:500, Abcam, ab125057), CD45 (Alexa Fluor 647) (1:50, Biolegend, 103123), CD3 (Alexa Fluor 647) (1:50, Biolegend, 100209), CD68 (Alexa Fluor 647) (1:50, Biolegend, 137001), ICAM-1 (1:50, Biolegend, 116102), VCAM-1 (1:50, Biolegend, 105702).
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8

Quantifying Vascular Receptor Expression

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To investigate the relative expression of EC receptors in different organs, we intravenously injected 20 μg of antibodies against E-selectin, P-selectin (BD PharMingen), ICAM1, ICAM2, PECAM1, CD36 (BioLegend) and VCAM1 (Invitrogen) conjugated to FITC (VCAM1) or A647 (all other antibodies), into uninfected or day 6 infected mice, as previously described in the context of parasitology for CD31 (Hopp et al., 2015 ). We measured MFIs of at least 100 different vessels per organ in 3 separate mice using an LSM 710 Zeiss microscope, a 40x objective (1.3 NA).
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9

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Aortic Tissue

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For cryosections, tissue was embedded in optimal cutting temperature, frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80°C. Aortic roots were sectioned on a cryostat to generate 10‐ to 15‐μm sections. Cryosections were fixed in acetone for 10 minutes at −20°C, blocked in IHC Tek antibody diluent (IHC World, Ellicott City, MD) for 1 hour at room temperature, and incubated with the indicated antibodies in IHC Tek antibody diluent buffer. Antibodies were phospho‐NFκB‐P65 (1:100; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA); FN (1:400; Sigma, St. Louis, MO); VCAM‐1 (1:200; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA); ICAM‐1 (1:200; Biolegend, San Diego, CA); MMP9 (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK); MMP2 (1:300; Millipore, Burlington, MA); CD45 (1:150; BD Pharmingen); CD68 (1:200; Abcam); SMA (1:200; Sigma); F480 (1:200; Serotec, Hercules, CA). Sections were washed 3 times in PBS and incubated with Alexa fluor 598‐conjugated donkey anti‐rabbit or ‐rat secondary antibody (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) for 1 hour at room temperature. Slides were washed with PBS and mounted in Vectashield with DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Images were acquired using a Nikon 4 laser confocal microscope. For histology, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Oil Red, or picrosirius red.
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10

Quantifying NF-κB and ICAM-1 Activation in MS1 Cells

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After stimulation of MS1 with S. mutans in antibiotic‐free DMEM at an MOI of 1, cells were lysed after the corresponding stimulation time, as described previously.20 The total protein concentration was determined using a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Pierce Biotechnology). Western blot analysis was performed using antibodies specific for phospho‐NF‐κB p65 (Ser536) (93H1) (Cell Signaling, 3033S), NF‐κB p65 (D14E12) (Cell Signaling, 8242S), ICAM‐1 (BioLegend, 116101), and β‐actin (13E5) (Cell Signaling, 4970), along with the corresponding horseradish peroxidase‐conjugated secondary antibodies. The NF‐κB and ICAM‐1 levels were normalized to β‐actin by scanning densitometry using ImageJ software.
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