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Vitamin k

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Vitamin K is a lab equipment product that plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood clotting. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the production of clotting factors, enabling the formation of fibrin clots. The product is used in various laboratory settings to study and measure the blood's coagulation properties.

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Lab products found in correlation

Hemin, by Merck Group (34 mentions) L cysteine, by Merck Group (9 mentions) Resazurin, by Merck Group (8 mentions) Yeast extract, by Merck Group (6 mentions) L cysteine hcl, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Yeast extract, by BD (6 mentions) Sodium chloride (nacl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Calcium chloride hexahydrate, by Avantor (4 mentions) Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate, by Avantor (4 mentions) Sodium bicarbonate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Tween 80, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Yeast extract, by Acumedia (3 mentions) Anaerobic chamber, by Don Whitley Scientific (3 mentions) Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Bile salt, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Vancomycin hydrochloride, by GoldBio (3 mentions) Haemin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Non essential amino acids (neaa), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Yeast extract, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Vitamin K (Menadione, (2 citations)

51 protocols using vitamin k

1

Cultivation of Oral Bacterial Strains

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The strains used in this study were Streptococcus gordonii (ATCC 10558), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43718), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 43718), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277), and Tannerella forsythia (ATCC 43037). S. gordonii was incubated with brain heart infusion broth (BHI). A. actinomycetemcomitans was incubated with BHI at 37°C in an anaerobic workstation (10% CO2, 10% H2, and 80% N2). F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis were incubated with BHI including 10 µg/mL hemin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 0.2 μg/mL vitamin K (Sigma) at 37°C in an anaerobic workstation (10% CO2, 10% H2, and 80% N2). T. forsythia was incubated with new oral spirochete broth (ATCC medium 1494) including 5 mg/mL hemin (Sigma), 1 mg/mL vitamin K (Sigma) and 0.01 mg/mL N-acetylmuramic acid (Sigma) at 37°C in an anaerobic workstation (10% CO2, 10% H2, and 80% N2).
Lee J., Song H.Y., Ahn S.H., Song W., Seol Y.J., Lee Y.M, & Koo K.T. (2022). In vitro investigation of the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of LED irradiation. Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science, 53(2), 110-119.
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2

Culturing of P. gingivalis Anaerobically

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P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) was grown in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 1 µg/mL hemin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The broth was sterilized by autoclaving, and 1 µg/mL vitamin K (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added after cooling. Bacterial culture was performed under strict anaerobic conditions (5% H2, 5% CO2, 90% N2) at 37 °C. Colony forming units (CFU) were estimated by optical density reading taken at 660 nm. Cultured were pelleted at 3000 rpm, for 15 min, at room temperature and resuspended in sterile PBS before use.
Choi Y., Heo S.C., Kim Y.N., Joo J.Y., Hwang J.J., Bae M.K, & Kim H.J. (2020). Gastrin-Releasing Peptide (GRP) Stimulates Osteoclastogenesis in Periodontitis. Cells, 10(1), 50.
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3

Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Clostridium perfringens Mutants

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Wild typeW Clostridium perfringens strains VPI, NCTR, ATCC 3626, and ATCC 13124 and their respective norfloxacin-resistantNR, ciprofloxacin-resistantCR, and gatifloxacin-resistantGR mutants were used in this study (Table 1). All of the mutants generated in vitro using large concentrations of fluoroquinolones had stable mutations in gyrase A genes and some also had mutations in topoisomerase genes [25 (link)]. Brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (Remel, Lenexa, KS), with vitamin K (1 μg/mL) and hemin (5 μg/mL, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) but without antibiotics, was used for growth of the bacteria [25 (link)]. Cell preparation, inoculation, and incubation for all assays were performed in a glove box with an anaerobic atmosphere of 85% N2, 10% CO2, and 5% H2 at 37°C.
Park M, & Rafii F. (2014). Global Phenotypic Characterization of Effects of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Selection on the Metabolic Activities and Drug Susceptibilities of Clostridium perfringens Strains. International Journal of Microbiology, 2014, 456979.
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4

Assessing Bacteroides vulgatus Protease Inhibition

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Bacteroides vulgatus (ATCC 8482) were grown anaerobically in Brain-heart-infusion (BHI, BD) broth supplemented with 5 μg/ml hemin (Sigma) and 0.5 μg/ml vitamin K (Sigma). Overnight supernatant was collected by pelleting cells at 8000 x g. Supernatant was then 8-fold concentrated at 3,300 x g for 15 minutes using 10 kDa Amicon Ultra-15 filters (Millipore). Concentrated supernatant protease activity was tested using the EnzChek protease activity assay (Invitrogen) after incubation for 24 hours at 37 °C measuring fluorescence at 485 nm for excitation and 530 nm for emission. Protease inhibitors were administered at 10% total volume and inhibition was calculated by comparison to vehicle control wells. Protease inhibitors tested included water-solubilized 4(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl Fluoride (AEBSF, MP Biomedicals), water-solubilized E-64 (Sigma), DMSO-solubilized GM6001 (EMD Millipore), and DMSO-solubilized Pepstatin A (MP Biomedicals). After analysis of a preliminary dilution series, max inhibition was found for each protease inhibitor at the highest concentration allowed by the solubility of each compound, and these concentrations were used for subsequent studies.
Mills R.H., Dulai P.S., Vázquez-Baeza Y., Sauceda C., Daniel N., Gerner R.R., Batachari L.E., Ochoa M.M., Zhu Q., Weldon K., Humphrey G., Carrillo-Terrazas M., Goldasich L.D., Bryant M., Raffatellu M., Quinn R.A., Gewirtz A.T., Chassaing B., Chu H., Sandborn W.J., Dorrestein P.C., Knight R, & Gonzalez D.J. (2022). Multi-omics analyses of the Ulcerative Colitis gut microbiome link Bacteroides vulgatus proteases with disease severity. Nature microbiology, 7(2), 262-276.
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5

Bamboo Shoot Metabolites Analysis

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Bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz) were collected from the LinAn Genhong specialized agricultural cooperative, Zhejiang Province, China. The SCFA standards for the HPLC analysis, including acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). l-cysteine, peptone, hemin, MgSO4, resazurin, vitamin K, yeast extract, and calcium chloride were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. NaCl, KH2PO4, and K2HPO4 were obtained from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). The dung ammonia detection kit (enzymatic) was purchased from Medical System Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Ningbo, China). All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.
Li Q., Wu W., Chen H., Fang X., Han Y., Xie M, & Gao H. (2021). In vitro fecal fermentation characteristics of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) polysaccharide. Food Chemistry: X, 11, 100129.
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6

Culturing Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586

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F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The bacterium was cultured in brain-heart infusion broth (BHI) (Acumedia, Lansing, MI, USA) supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract (Acumedia), 5 µg/ml hemin and 1 µg/ml vitamin K (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and incubated overnight in an anaerobic chamber (Don Whitley Scientific, Frederick, MD, USA) at 37 °C.
Lim Y.R., Preshaw P.M., Lim L.P., Ong M.M., Lin H.S, & Tan K.S. (2020). Pterostilbene complexed with cyclodextrin exerts antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Scientific Reports, 10, 9072.
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7

Anaerobic Bacteria MIC Determination

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Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing was performed for anaerobic bacteria using an anaerobic chamber following a modified Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M11-A7 agar dilution methodology [83 ]. Bacteria were grown on Brucella Blood Agar plates (Remel Microbiology Products, Columbus, OH, USA) supplemented with Hemin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and vitamin K (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and infused with various concentrations of sarecycline or minocycline (0.016–8 µg/mL). Infused agar was inoculated with 2 µL of 1 to 2 × 108 colony forming units (CFUs)/mL and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h in an anaerobic atmosphere. The lowest concentration of the antimicrobial agent that resulted in a visually evaluated inhibition of growth was recorded and MIC evaluated.
Ghannoum M.A., Long L., Bunick C.G., Del Rosso J.Q., Gamal A., Tyring S.K., McCormick T.S, & Grada A. (2022). Sarecycline Demonstrated Reduced Activity Compared to Minocycline against Microbial Species Representing Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota. Antibiotics, 11(3), 324.
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8

Characterizing Vaginal Lactobacillus Isolates

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All isolates were identified by Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA target region (27F/1492R). Lactic acid production by Lactobacillus strains was investigated using EnzyChrom L- and D-lactate Assay kits (BioAssay Systems, Hayward, CA, USA). Lactobacillus strains isolated from the vagina were cultured in MRS broth medium and subsequently filter-sterilised. The lactate concentration in the LCS was measured in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The acidity of the LCS was measured using a benchtop pH meter (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The ability of Lactobacillus strains to produce H2O2 was evaluated as described by Rabe and Hillier43 (link) with minor modifications. All strains were cultured on MRS agar plates containing 25 mg of 3,3′,5,5′tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.5 mg of hemin and 0.05 µg of vitamin K (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The plates were incubated anaerobically at 37 °C for 48 h and then exposed to air for 30 min to check for a blue colour change.
Jang S.J., Lee K., Kwon B., You H.J, & Ko G. (2019). Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans. Scientific Reports, 9, 8121.
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9

Osteoclastogenesis Assay Reagents

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Brain heart infusion (BHI), Columbia broth, Lactobacilli MRS broth, yeast extract and Bacto agar were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). l-Cysteine, l-arginine, resazurin, hemin, vitamin K, and N-acetylmuramic acid were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alpha minimum essential medium (α-MEM) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Welgene (Daegu, South Korea). Penicillin/streptomycin (P/S), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and Ham’s F-12 medium were purchased from Gibco BRL (Paisley, UK). Recombinant murine soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) were purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). G418, hygromycin B, Pam2CSK4, Escherichia coli LPS, ultrapure LPS, and ODN2006 were purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, USA). FITC anti-human CD25 mouse monoclonal antibody (clone#: M-A251) was purchased from BD Biosciences. Lipoprotein lipase from Pseudomonas species and polymyxin B were purchased from Sigma.
Kim H.Y., Song M.K., Lim Y., Jang J.S., An S.J., Kim H.H, & Choi B.K. (2022). Effects of extracellular vesicles derived from oral bacteria on osteoclast differentiation and activation. Scientific Reports, 12, 14239.
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10

Oral Gavage of P. gingivalis

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P. gingivalis ATCC 49417 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) was cultured in Brain Hear Infusion broth medium (BD), supplemented with 10 μg/ml vitamin K (Sigma) and 5 μg/ml hemin (Sigma) at 37°C under anaerobic condition (CO2 10%, H2 10%, N2 80%). For oral gavage, 2 × 109 cells of P. gingivalis were mixed with 2% carboxymethyl cellulose (TCI, Tokyo, Japan) in 100 μl PBS.
Lee A., Kim Y.C., Baek K., Alam J., Choi Y.S., Rheu Y., Shin Y.J., Kim S., Kim H.D., Song Y.W, & Choi Y. (2018). Treponema denticola enolase contributes to the production of antibodies against ENO1 but not to the progression of periodontitis. Virulence, 9(1), 1263-1272.
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