As per our emergency department’s protocol, patients with a known history of diabetes, or patients presenting with specific complaints (generalized weakness, vomiting, diaphoresis, altered mental status, polyuria) are screened at triage with a point of care glucose measurement. Inclusion criterion included a point of care glucometer (Accu-Chek Inform II, Roche, Basel, Switzerland) reading of “high” on presentation which corresponds to a glucose level >550 mg/dL. Exclusion criteria consisted of receipt of intravenous fluids or insulin prior to the application of nasal capnography.
Accu chek inform 2
Manufactured by Roche
Sourced in Germany
The Accu-Chek Inform II is a blood glucose monitoring system designed for professional use in healthcare settings. It provides accurate and reliable blood glucose measurements to support patient care.
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11 protocols using accu chek inform 2
1
Hyperglycemia Screening Protocol in ED
2
Blood Glucose Monitoring Quality Assurance
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Blood glucose measurements were carried out using the ACCU-CHEK Inform II® system (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Blood glucose values were collected in a capillary mode throughout the stay, including the ICCU and conventional cardiology unit. The lab unit of the hospital assumed the management of glucometers, which were all connected to the central middleware cobas® IT1000. Results were automatically transferred to the patient file. A quality program was established to offer the best quality of results. Linearity and repeatability tests were performed on devices before their distribution, and daily quality controls (QC) were carried out in the care services by the nurses. The point-of-care team of the lab supervised the analytical performances, the results of QC and the empowerment of healthcare operators whose access to devices was nominative.
3
Measurement of Blood Glucose Levels
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Blood sugar levels were measured using a handheld device called “ACCU-CHEK Inform II” (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Blood samples were obtained from a clean and dry fingertip after skin disinfection. Immediately after pricking the fingertip with a lancet, the blood drop was applied to the test strip. An increase of blood glucose < 1.1 mmol/L during all BST was considered positive indicating carbohydrate malabsorption2 (link),28 (link). Delta values were calculated using the blood sugar level at a certain time (e.g., 15 or 30 min) and then being subtracted from the baseline value (0 min).
4
Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring in Tears
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The subjects
reported on the
day of the trial fasted, on their basal insulin only and were asked
to wear the device throughout the trial (for up to 5 h) in which the
glucose measurements in the tear fluid were taken. After insertion
of the device into the inferior conjunctival fornix by the attending
ophthalmologist, the basal evaluation of the eye and glucose measurements
were performed for a remaining 4.5 h. Capillary blood samples to measure
glucose values during the experiment time points were taken with a
Point-Of-Care system (ACCU-CHEK Inform II, Roche) and served as a
reference. Additionally, patients wore a commercially available CGM
(continuous glucose monitor) sensor to serve as a supporting control
to the acquired data. Throughout the experiment the subjects received
a standard eye examination against irritation and eye damage caused
by the presence/function of the device.
reported on the
day of the trial fasted, on their basal insulin only and were asked
to wear the device throughout the trial (for up to 5 h) in which the
glucose measurements in the tear fluid were taken. After insertion
of the device into the inferior conjunctival fornix by the attending
ophthalmologist, the basal evaluation of the eye and glucose measurements
were performed for a remaining 4.5 h. Capillary blood samples to measure
glucose values during the experiment time points were taken with a
Point-Of-Care system (ACCU-CHEK Inform II, Roche) and served as a
reference. Additionally, patients wore a commercially available CGM
(continuous glucose monitor) sensor to serve as a supporting control
to the acquired data. Throughout the experiment the subjects received
a standard eye examination against irritation and eye damage caused
by the presence/function of the device.
5
Dendritic Cell Activation and Adoptive Transfer
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Bone-marrow derived dendritic cells were cultured from bone marrow harvested from the femurs and tibiae of mice. Additional details can be found in a previously published study from our laboratory [28 (link)]. Briefly, BM cells were seeded at 2 x 106 cells per plate in 10cm plates and cultured for 8 days in the presence of GM-CSF. Non-adherent cells were harvested and either stimulated with 10μM ODN1826 CpG (Integrated DNA Technologies), or left unstimulated for 16-20h. Cells were then pulsed with a mixture of gp33-41 (KAVYNFATM), gp276-286 (SGVENPGGYCL) and gp61-80 (GLNGPDIYKGVYQFKSVEFD) peptides at a final concentration of 1μM for 3h, washed three times, and infused intravenously via tail-vein into RIP-gp mice. Blood glucose was monitored using Accu-Chek Performa (Roche) blood glucose meters and Accu-Chek Inform II (Roche) blood glucose test strips.
6
Inpatient Glycemic Monitoring Protocol
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Inpatients continued to receive their previously prescribed treatment regimens for diabetes. The attending physician reviewed daily glucose measurements and adjusted insulin or other drug doses as required. Additional endocrine consultations could be requested for patients with poor glycaemic control. In addition, blood glucose monitoring was reviewed weekly by a specialist in diabetes.
Seven‐point capillary blood glucose values were measured both before and 2 hours after each meal and at bedtime by a diabetes nurse. Glucose levels were recorded in the electronic medical records. Glucose levels were measured using an Accu‐Chek Inform II portable glucometer (Roche Diagnostics), which was calibrated as required.
Seven‐point capillary blood glucose values were measured both before and 2 hours after each meal and at bedtime by a diabetes nurse. Glucose levels were recorded in the electronic medical records. Glucose levels were measured using an Accu‐Chek Inform II portable glucometer (Roche Diagnostics), which was calibrated as required.
7
Postprandial Glucose Dynamics
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The primary outcome will be addressed by evaluating the amplitude of the decrease in plasma glucose (difference between peak and nadir plasma glucose concentration in mmol/L) during the mixed meal test. Plasma glucose will be quantified using a point-of-care glucose analyser (Accu-Chek Inform II, Roche Diagnostics). The outcome will be assessed during the mixed meal test on the day of the experimental visit at the end of each study period.
8
Daily Metabolic Monitoring in Implant Study
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Blood glucose levels were monitored daily using a glucose dipstick (ACCU-Chek Inform II, Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Moreover, body temperature and body weight were assessed daily for both groups. After implantation, the weight of the dorsal chamber (2.338 g) and the weight of the implants (0.014 g x number of implanted devices) was subtracted from the resulting weight.
9
Evaluation of Diabetes POCT Devices
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The study was a cross-sectional observational study with questionnaires among patients, nurses and GPs from general practices who started to use HbA1c POCT (Afinion 2, Abbott) and/or professional glucose POCT (Accu-Chek Inform II, Roche). The study was part of a larger study, that also assessed POCT not related to diabetes care (e.g. Hb, urine analyser).
10
Metabolic Markers Evaluation in Mice
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During the treatment period, body weight was measured twice a week. Food and water intake were also measured every week throughout the treatment period. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were measured twice a week using a glucometer (Accu-Chek Inform II, Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Blood samples were collected from mice after 8 hours of fasting at the end of the treatment period. The levels of insulin, glucagon, leptin, ghrelin, and resistin were measured using a Multiplex Assay Kit (MMHMAG-44K, Lot. 3200934, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Adiponectin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (MRP300, R&D system, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [24 (link)].
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