Phi quantera 2

FTIR spectra (Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 spectrophotometer) were conducted in the range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ with the samples dispersed in KBr. The XRD analyses were performed using the powder XRD (PANalytical-Empyrean) with Cu Kα radiation at a scanning speed of 0.02 s⁻¹. A micro-PL spectroscope (Renishaw, inVia Raman Microscope) was used to acquire the PL spectra with an excitation wavelength of 325 nm. UV–vis DRS was obtained using a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere attachment with barium sulfate (BaSO₄) as a reference. The surface chemical composition of samples was analyzed by XPS (PHI Quantera II, Ulvac-PHI, Inc.) with an Al Kα radiation source. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM, FEI-TECNAI F20) images were obtained at 200 kV. PL spectra of CDs solution were acquired with a PL spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer LS 55) with different excitation wavelengths ranging from 300 to 540 nm.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were conducted on a PHI QUANTERA-II instrument (Ulvac-PHI Inc., Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan) equipped with a monochromatized Al KRX-ray source operated at 25 W and 15 kV. For wide-scan spectra, an energy range of 0–1100 eV was used with a pass energy of 280.00 eV and a step size of 1.00 eV. High-resolution spectra were collected at a 26.00 eV pass energy using a step size of 0.025 eV. The XPS results were further fitted in a nonlinear least squares curve fitting program (XPS-peak-41 software, Version 4.0).

The chemical structure of VBDMH was confirmed by a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR, AV-500, BRUKER, 500 MHz, Rheinstetten, Germany). The deuterated DMSO was added as a solvent.
The surface chemical bonding and atomic composition were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR, Varian 640-IR, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI Quantera II, ULVAC-PHI, Inc. Kanagawa, Japan). The ATR-FTIR spectra were acquired after 64 scans with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹. The X-ray source for the XPS measurement was the monochromatic Al-Kα (hν = 1486.6 eV, step size = 0.1 eV, pass energy = 55 eV) with the take-off angle at 45°. The high-resolution spectra were deconvoluted by mixing the Gaussian–Lorentzian functions using the free software program, XPSPEAK. Quantification of the element was performed on the peak areas with the consideration of sensitivity factors of each element provided by the instrument maker.
To determine the surface hydrophilicity of various modified and pristine PU substrates, static water contact angle measurements (WCA; Model 100SB, Sindatek, Taipei, Taiwan) were performed at room temperature (25 °C) using the sessile drop method with deionized water droplets.

SEM (Sirion 200, FEI, USA) was used to characterize the morphology and structure of the c‐PEGR and c‐PEGR gel. Vertex 80/80V Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer from Bruker Optics was used to perform the FTIR measurements. XPS data were collected from a PHI Quantera II (Ulvac‐Phi Inc) at room temperature. ¹H‐SSNMR spectra were measured using a solid‐state NMR instrument (JNM‐ECZ600R). The resonance frequency was 600 MHz, the tube diameter was 3.2 mm, and the magic angle spinning frequency was 12 kHz. The D‐exchange fully occurred by mixing 0.1 mL of solid material (c‐PEGR) with 0.5 mL of deuterium oxide (D₂O) and maintaining the mixture at 60 ℃ for 12 h. Afterwards, the water was removed in a vacuum oven at 100 ℃.

The nanostructures and morphology of the as-synthesized samples were imaged under a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM, JSM-7600) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100F). Crystalline phase and structure of the samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8). Raman spectroscopy was conducted by a confocal Raman setup with a 532 nm lazer excitation (WITec Instruments Corp, Germany). The nanocomposite content breakdown was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, Shimadzu, DTG-60). The chemical valence states of the samples were investigated with a X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS, PHI Quantera II, Physical Electronics, Adivision of ULCAV-PHI).