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Phalloidin alexafluor 546

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States, Germany

Phalloidin-AlexaFluor-546 is a fluorescent-labeled phalloidin compound used for the high-affinity labeling and visualization of actin filaments in cells. The AlexaFluor-546 fluorescent dye is conjugated to phalloidin, a bicyclic peptide that binds specifically to F-actin. This product is designed for use in fluorescence microscopy applications to detect and study the distribution and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton.

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7 protocols using phalloidin alexafluor 546

1

Immunofluorescence Labeling of Lens Proteins

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Embryonic head sections or adult lens sections were labeled with anti-Aqp0a or anti-Aqp0b antibodies (1:500) overnight at 4°C. Following PBS washes, AlexaFluor 488 goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:500; Thermo Fisher Scientific) was applied for 2 hours at RT. Lens plasma membranes were labeled with wheat germ agglutinin AlexaFluor 594 (1:50; Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA) and DAPI (1:1000) for 2 hours at RT or overnight at 4°C. Whole permeabilized lenses were incubated in AlexaFluor Phalloidin-546 (1:200; Thermo Fisher Scientific) and DAPI (1:1000). Images were acquired with a confocal microscope and imaging software (Nikon Eclipse Ti-E with NIS-Elements AR; Nikon Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Images were viewed and compiled using a commercial viewer (NIS-Elements, version 4.2; Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY, USA) and ImageJ, version 1.51n (http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/; provided in the public domain by the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) and a raster graphics editor (Adobe Photoshop CS5, version 12.0; Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA, USA).
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2

Immunofluorescence Staining of Cells

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Cells were distributed onto coverslips in a multiwell plate and incubated overnight before a final concentration of 10 μM of compound was added. The cells were then incubated for 2 days, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA) for 20 minutes at room temperature, and washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific) with 0.1% Tween 20. For blocking, cells were further washed twice (10 minutes each wash) with PBS and incubated with 10% normal donkey serum for 30 minutes at room temperature. After incubation, the blocking solution was replaced with primary antibody solution (antiacetylated tubulin; Sigma-Aldrich Co., 1:500 dilution in blocking solution) and incubated overnight at 4°C. Post incubation, the coverslips were washed three times (30 minutes each wash) with PBS and hybridized with secondary antibody linked with Alexa 488 fluoropore (1:500 dilution; Thermo Fisher Scientific), Alexa Fluor Phalloidin 546 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for 1 hour at room temperature. Following this incubation, coverslips were washed three times (30 minutes each wash) with PBS, mounted, and imaged. Images were processed and quantified using ImageJ software (Version 1.49).
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3

Endothelial Cell Culture and Signaling

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HEPES, human endothelial serum-free medium (HE-SFM), Fast DiI, Phalloidin-Alexa Fluor 546, Trizol Reagent, Superscript II, MMLV reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor cocktail were from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA, USA); Medium 199 (M199), foetal bovine serum (FBS), heparin, forskolin, LPS, Tricaine, phytohemoagglutinin (PHA) and 1-phenyl-2-thiourea were from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint. Louis, MO, USA); L-glutamine, trypsin-EDTA, penicillin-streptomycin, were from Euroclone (Siziano, IT). Collagenase was from Worthington Biochemical Corporation (Lakewood, NJ, USA). Fibronectin was from Roche (Basilea, Switzerland). Matrigel was from Becton, Dickinson & Company (Frankin Lakes, NJ, USA). Goat anti-human IL-8 blocking antibody was from Abcam (Cambridge, UK); human recombinant VEGF-A was from Immunological Sciences (Rome, IT). Monoclonal antibody anti anti-actin (clone C4), KG-501 and QNZ were from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA); rabbit polyclonal antibodies anti-phospho-CREB (ser133) and anti-phospho-p65 were from Cell Signalling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
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4

Visualizing EVIR in iBMMs

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iBMMs were seeded on 8-well glass chamber slides (Corning) coated with fibronectin (200 μg/ml, Peprotech), at a concentration of 2 x 104 cells/well. To visualize the EVIR, the cells were stained with a directly conjugated anti-F(ab’)2 antibody (see Supplementary Table 3 for details) and phalloidin-AlexaFluor-546 (Life technologies), in the absence of blocking solution, followed by DAPI staining. After staining, the cells were washed, fixed, and processed for confocal microscopy as described below.
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5

Cellular Immunological Techniques

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RPMI-1640, FCS, phalloidin Alexa Fluor 546 and goat anti-mouse Alex Fluor 488 were obtained from LifeTechnologies (Darmstadt, Germany). PBS was from Biochrom GmbH (Berlin, Germany). PMA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany). LTA was from InvivoGen (Toulouse, France). DAPI was from AAT Bioquest (Sunnyvale, USA). IKK inhibitor XIII was obtained from EMD Millipore Corporation (Billerica, USA). zVAD-fmk was obtained from AdipoGen (Liestal, Switzerland) Salmonella minnesota LPS was from Enzo Life Sciences (Lörrach, Germany). Human recombinant IFN-γ was obtained from PromoKine (Heidelberg, Germany). TLR2 blocking antibody was acquired from eBioscience (T2.5, San Diego, USA). Anti-LPS antibody (L. pneumophila specific; ABIN235748) was obtained from antikörper-online.de (Aachen, Germany). Anti-IRAK-1 antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling (4359S), anti-tubulin antibody was from Santa Cruz (sc-5286) as well as p65 antibody (sc-372) and β-actin antibody (sc-1616). All chemicals used were of analytical grade and obtained from commercial sources.
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6

Immunofluorescence Staining of Focal Adhesion Proteins

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Cells were fixed in 4% (vol/vol) paraformaldehyde (Alfa-Aeser) for 10 min at room temperature and rinsed with PBS. Cells were permeabilized in PBS containing 5% (vol/vol) goat serum (Thermo Fisher) and 0.5% (vol/vol) Triton-X (EMD Millipore) for 10 min. Cells were blocked in PBS containing 5% (vol/vol) goat serum for 1–16 h at room temperature or at 4°C, respectively. Coverslips were incubated with primary antibodies for 2–3 h at room temperature, rinsed with 1% (vol/vol) goat serum in PBS, and then incubated with secondary antibodies and phalloidin (Life Technologies) for 1–2 h at room temperature in the dark. Cells were rinsed in PBS and mounted using Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech).
The following primary antibodies were used for immunostaining: mouse anti-vinculin hVin-1 (1:200; Sigma), rabbit anti-diphosphorylated myosin light chain Thr18/Ser19 (1:200; Cell Signaling Technologies), mouse anti-α-actinin-1 Clone BM 75.2 (1:200; Thermo Fisher), rabbit anti-phosphorylated paxillin Tyr188 (1:200; Cell Signaling Technologies). The following secondary antibodies were used: AlexaFluor 488 anti-rabbit (1:400), AlexaFluor 647 anti-mouse (1:400), phalloidin-AlexaFluor 546 (1:200), all from Life Technologies.
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7

Visualizing EVIR in iBMMs

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iBMMs were seeded on 8-well glass chamber slides (Corning) coated with fibronectin (200 μg/ml, Peprotech), at a concentration of 2 x 104 cells/well. To visualize the EVIR, the cells were stained with a directly conjugated anti-F(ab’)2 antibody (see Supplementary Table 3 for details) and phalloidin-AlexaFluor-546 (Life technologies), in the absence of blocking solution, followed by DAPI staining. After staining, the cells were washed, fixed, and processed for confocal microscopy as described below.
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