(1) Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Renal tissues were immediately fixed in 4% formalin and subsequently embedded in paraffin. The expression of IRS-1 (ab131487, abcam), pSer IRS-1 (AF3272, Affinity), megalin (Santa Cruz, Sc-25470), and cubilin (Santa Cruz, Sc-23644) in renal tubules and interstitium were detected by IHC.
(2) Light Microscope. Renal tissues were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Tissue slices were cut at 4 μm thickness, dewaxed in xylene, rehydrated in decreasing concentrations of ethanol in water and stained by H&E, and then examined by a light microscope.
(3) Transmission Electron Microscope. Renal tissues were immediately placed in fixative (2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmium tetraoxide), dehydrated using graded alcohol and epoxypropane, and then embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections (50 μm±) were cut using an ELICA ULTRACUT-R ultramicrotome and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The sections were examined using a HITACHI-7500 transmission electron microscope.