purchased from Gibco BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Emodin, poly I:C, indomethacin, Griess
reagent, and all other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The multiplex bead-based cytokine assay kits used for the determination of cytokine
concentration were purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). The Fluo-4 calcium assay
kit was purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). QuantiGene Plex 2.0 Reagent
System for direct quantification of multiple RNA targets was purchased from Panomics
(Redwood City, CA, USA).