The teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 8 dentin specimens) using a combination of the following variables: 1. dentin substrate, including sound and eroded dentin; 2. treatment, including the control (adhesives applied according to manufacturer recommendations) and extra HL (control plus additional hydrophobic resin coat) and 3. storage time (24 h and after 2 years). Two universal adhesives (Prime & Bond Active (PBA, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) or Scotchbond Universal (SBU, 3M Oral Care, St Paul, MN, USA) were used and the specimens obtained for each tooth were randomly divided and tested (half after 24 h and half after 2 years of storage in water at 37 °C). Product information and application mode details for the experimental groups are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 , respectively.
Prime bond active
Manufactured by Dentsply
Sourced in United States, Germany
Prime & Bond Active is a dental adhesive product designed for use in dental procedures. It is a single-component, light-cured bonding agent that is used to bond dental restorative materials to tooth structure. The product is intended to provide a durable bond between the restoration and the tooth.
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3 protocols using prime bond active
1
Adhesive Performance on Eroded Dentin
2
Synthesis and Characterization of Dental Photoinitiation Agents
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S5 and S6 (Scheme 1 ) were prepared according to a synthetic procedure already described in the literature [23 (link)]. Camphorquinone was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and used as a representative Type II PI (Scheme 2 ). Ethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDB) and 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN) were used as additives in multicomponent systems and obtained from Sigma Aldrich or TCI Chemicals (Scheme 2 ). Speedcure938 (SC938) was obtained from Lambson Ltd. (Wetherby, UK, Scheme 2 ). Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN, Scheme 2 ) was used as spin trapping agent in the ESR experiments.
Spectrum® TPH®3 resin was received from Dentsply Sirona (Konstanz, Germany) and used as a representative matrix of dental materials, consisting of a mixture of modified BisGMA, TEGDMA (Scheme 3 ) and other methacrylate monomers. PrimeBond Active® was received without photoinitiator from Dentsply Sirona and used as a representative formulation for the preparation of dental adhesives.
Spectrum® TPH®3 resin was received from Dentsply Sirona (Konstanz, Germany) and used as a representative matrix of dental materials, consisting of a mixture of modified BisGMA, TEGDMA (
3
Experimental Two-Step Universal Adhesive Evaluation
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2.1. Experimental two-step UA and commercial reference adhesives. The experimental two-step UA, further being referred to as 'Exp_2UA', combines an experimental primer based on technology of the commercial UA G-Premio Bond ('G-PrBp', GC), used as primer without being separately light-cured, with an experimental particle-filled adhesive resin synthesized by GC under the code name 'BZF-21' (Tokyo, Japan). The basic composition is detailed in Table S1. Noteworthy is that both the primer and adhesive resin do not contain the highly hydrophilic monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), while the adhesive resin contains zinc-calcium-fluoride bioglass and fumed silica filler.
Representing the adhesive generation of UAs, the commercial products G-Premio Bond ('G-PrB', GC), Prime&Bond Active ('P&Ba'; Dentsply Sirona, Konstanz, Germany) and Scotchbond Universal ('SBU'; 3M Oral Care, Seefeld, Germany), and the gold-standard two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond 2 ('CSE2'; Kuraray Noritake) served as reference (control) adhesives.
Representing the adhesive generation of UAs, the commercial products G-Premio Bond ('G-PrB', GC), Prime&Bond Active ('P&Ba'; Dentsply Sirona, Konstanz, Germany) and Scotchbond Universal ('SBU'; 3M Oral Care, Seefeld, Germany), and the gold-standard two-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond 2 ('CSE2'; Kuraray Noritake) served as reference (control) adhesives.
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