Hplc grade formic acid

PZQ standard used for methodological analysis was purchased from FLUKA (Shanghai, China), while the R-PZQ and S-PZQ standards were purchased from TLC Pharmaceutical Standards (Shenzhen, China). PZQ for subcutaneous administration was purchased from Nanjing Pharmaceutical Factory (Nanjing, China). Mebendazole used as internal standard (IS) was purchased from National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China).
HPLC-grade formic acid was purchased from Dikma Technologies Inc. (Beijing, China). HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Emerck, Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Water was purified using a RODI-068598 Hitech-kflow purification system (Merck Millipore, Milford, MA, USA). OASIS^® HLB SPE 96-wells plates (30 mg) and OSTROTM 96-wells plates were purchased from Waters (Shanghai, China). All chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade.
Materials used for the production of the slow-relaease preparation, see below under this heading.

Ginsenoside Re (Re purity) were purchased from Nanjing Chunqiu Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., and identified according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). Perchloric acid, glacial acetic acid, anhydrous calcium chloride, and formaldehyde were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (China). Leu-enkephalin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich company (USA). Acetonitrile was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific company (USA). HPLC-grade formic acid and methanol were obtained from Dikma Technologies company (CA). The assay kits used to determine IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and IgM were purchased from Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China).

A total of dandelion samples (S1–S15) were collected from different Chinese provinces. Table 1 lists the detailed local information. Six standard controls (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, cichoric acid, luteolin and apigenin) with purity greater than 98% were from Chengdu MUST Biotech Co., Ltd, [26 (link)]. The HPLC grade formic acid, acetonitrile and methanol were acquired from DIKMA Technologies (Beijing, China). Other chemicals used in the experiment were from Tianjin Tianli Reagents Co., Ltd (Tianjin, China).
Table 1.

The different geographical locations, similarities, score and comprehensive evaluation results of 15 batches of dandelion in China.

no.	district	similarity	score	ranking
S1	Baishan City, Jilin Province	0.958	2.408	3
S2	Baishan City, Jilin Province	0.982	0.956	13
S3	Bozhou City, Anhui Province	0.952	1.519	9
S4	Bozhou City, Anhui Province	0.951	2.500	2
S5	Changbai Mountain City, Jilin Province	0.882	0.551	15
S6	Chengdu City, Sichuan Province	0.919	1.797	6
S7	Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region	0.989	1.600	7
S8	Jinan City, Shandong Province	0.963	1.533	8
S9	Kunming City, Yunnan Province	0.975	1.011	11
S10	Laiyang City, Shandong Province	0.832	0.971	12
S11	Laiyang City, Shandong Province	0.829	0.676	14
S12	Lanxi County, Heilongjiang Province	0.952	1.368	10
S13	Linyi City, Shandong Province	0.961	2.223	4
S14	Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province	0.984	2.647	1
S15	Yuncheng City, Shandong Province	0.964	2.071	5

AMF (18040241, purity > 98%) was purchased from Shanghai Shifeng Biological Technology
Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Soluplus was purchased from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany).
Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye
Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were
purchased from American J.T.-Baker Chemical Company (Phillipsburg, NJ).
HPLC-grade formic acid was provided by Diamond Technology (Dikma Technologies Inc., Lake
Forest, CA). CCK-8 was purchased from Beijing Zoman Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing,
China. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), iodine (I₂), potassium iodide (KI) and
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) were purchased from Tianjin Yongda Reagent Co.,
Ltd., Tianjin, China. Pure water was purchased from Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd.,
Zhejiang, China.

We used HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol purchased from Merck (Germany). HPLC-grade formic acid was obtained from Dikma (USA). According to the determination method recorded in the China pharmacopoeia (2020 edition), we prepared the RC decoction and performed quality control (Supplementary Fig. 1 in Supplementary Information). Detailed information for RC preparation is provided in the RC decoction standards within the Supplementary Materials and Methods section in the Supplementary Information. The QIAamp Stool DNA kits (Germany) was used to extract the total DNA of the gut microbiota from cecum collected from the rats killed. The 16S rRNA gene V4 region amplification, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis are described in detail in the Supplementary Materials and Methods section in the Supplementary Information. The total RNA in the liver was determined using the TRIzol method, details of the statistical analysis are provided in the Supplementary Materials and Methods section in the Supplementary Information.

A. senticosus leaves were collected at Muling County (Heilongjiang Province, China). Mass spectrometry-grade methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from Thermo Fisher (Geel, Belgium). HPLC-grade formic acid was obtained from Dikma (Lake Forest, USA). Purified water was obtained from Watsons (China). Other reagents were purchased from local sources and of analytical grade.