Ibuprofen ibf

TB (CAS Number 107534-96-3) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany, with the purity ≥98.4%. TB was dissolved in spectroscopic grade 100% ethanol at concentration 10⁻³ mol/L. HSA (fatty acid-free, globulin-free, purity no less than 99%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany, and was used without further purification. A stock solution of HSA (concentration 5 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L) was prepared in Tris-HCl (0.05 mol/L Tris + 0.1 mol/L NaCl) buffer, pH 7.4 and conserved in the dark at 4 °C. Ketoprofen (KTF) and ibuprofen (IBF) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany, with purity ≥98.0%. KTF and IBF were dissolved in 100% ethanol at the concentration 10⁻³ mol/L. Phosphate buffer (0.02 mol/L, pH 7.4) was used for DSC calorimetric and CD spectroscopic measurements. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, NaCl, HCl, and other reagents were all of high purity. The buffers were prepared in the triple distilled water. All experiments were realized from 3 to 8 (fluorescence quenching and CD) times independently and presented data were summarized as the mean with the related standard deviation.

LPS from Escherichia coli (055:B5) and ibuprofen (IBF; >98% purity) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β were obtained from R&D Technology (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), anti-CD11b/c, and synaptophysin were from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). β-Actin was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Methanol and acetonitrile [high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade] were brought from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Phyllanthin, hypoPhyllanthin, gallic acid, geraniin, corilagin, ellagic acid, niranthin, phyltetralin, and isonirtetralin were purchased from ChromaDex (CA, USA) with purity > 98%.