Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, ATCC® 6538™) and Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC® 25922™) were purchased from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) and used following established safety protocols. Tryptic soy broth (Cat. #: C7141) and tryptic soy agar (Cat. #: C7121) used for S. aureus culture were purchased from Criterion (through VWR). Luria broth base (LB broth, Cat. #: 12795–027) and select agar (Cat. #: 30391–023) used for E. coli culture were purchased from Invitrogen. S. aureus and E. coli were incubated at 37 °C in sterilized tryptic soy broth and LB broth, respectively, with a speed of 150 rpm in a rotary shaker overnight and the obtained bacteria suspensions were diluted to a 0.5 McFarland Standard (optical density (OD) at 600 nm around 0.06 and 0.034 for S. aureus and E coli, respectively).
Atcc 25922
Manufactured by American Type Culture Collection
Sourced in United States
ATCC 25922 is a reference strain of Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium. This strain is commonly used as a quality control organism for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and other microbiological assays.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Atcc 6538, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)
Select agar, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Tetrahydrofuran, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
N n dimethylformamide (dmf), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Extra dry, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
S aureus atcc 25923, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Centrifuge tubes, by NEST Biotechnology (1 mentions)
Glass bottom dishes, by NEST Biotechnology (1 mentions)
Atcc 60193, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Polytron pt 1200, by Kinematica (1 mentions)
Salmonella typhimurium s typhimurium atcc 13311, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa p aeruginosa atcc 27853, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Streptococcus pneumoniae s pneumoniae atcc 49619, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Staphylococcus aureus s aureus atcc 29213, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Innova 44, by Eppendorf (1 mentions)
Mueller hinton 2 cation adjusted broth mh, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Atcc 27853, by American Type Culture Collection (1 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dmem medium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Polystyrene beads 1 μm, by Bangs Laboratories (1 mentions)
38 protocols using atcc 25922
1
Cultivation of S. aureus and E. coli
2
Electrospun Nanofiber Composites
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10,12-PCDA (98%) was purchased from GFS Organics
(Columbus, OH);
the PCDA monomer was used to synthesize PDAs in electrospinning. PEO
(Mw = 300 000 g/mol) was purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). PU Tecoflex SG-80A was kindly
donated by Lubrizol Corporation (Brecksville, OH). PEO and PU were
used separately as matrix polymers in nanofiber composites. LB and
chloroform (≥99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.
Louis, MO). Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Extra Dry, AcroSeal), and
potassium hydroxide (KOH) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham,
MA). LB broth/agar was used as the bacterial growth media. Chloroform,
THF, and DMF were solvents for the preparation of electrospinning
solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was purchased from EMD chemicals
(Gibbstown, NJ, USA). HCl and KOH were used to analyze the polymers
at various pH values. E. coli (Migula)
castellani, and chalmers ATCC25922 were purchased from ATCC (Manassas,
VA). Reagents were used as received without further purification.
(Columbus, OH);
the PCDA monomer was used to synthesize PDAs in electrospinning. PEO
(Mw = 300 000 g/mol) was purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). PU Tecoflex SG-80A was kindly
donated by Lubrizol Corporation (Brecksville, OH). PEO and PU were
used separately as matrix polymers in nanofiber composites. LB and
chloroform (≥99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St.
Louis, MO). Tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Extra Dry, AcroSeal), and
potassium hydroxide (KOH) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham,
MA). LB broth/agar was used as the bacterial growth media. Chloroform,
THF, and DMF were solvents for the preparation of electrospinning
solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was purchased from EMD chemicals
(Gibbstown, NJ, USA). HCl and KOH were used to analyze the polymers
at various pH values. E. coli (Migula)
castellani, and chalmers ATCC25922 were purchased from ATCC (Manassas,
VA). Reagents were used as received without further purification.
3
Antibacterial Cellulose-Polymer Composite
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Microcrystalline cellulose (diameter: 100 μm) derived from cotton and PS were purchased from Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. CS with 90% deacetylation degree and 45.25 kDa was from Shanghai Yuanye Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). E. coli, ATCC 25,922 and S. aureus ATCC 25,923 were purchased from ATCC, Rockefeller, MA, USA. The brain heart infusion (BHI), tryptone soybean broth (TSB) and other reagents were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The glass-bottom dishes and centrifuge tubes was obtained from NEST Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Wuxi, China). All reagents used were analytical grade, deionized water was used in this study.
4
Antimicrobial Evaluation of Plant Extract
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The microdilution method was performed using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (MH). The MH broth was supplemented with lysed horse blood and β-NAD (MH-F broth). The antimicrobial potential of Staphylococcus aureus (MH), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25,922, ATCC, Wesel, Germany) and Candida albicans (ATCC 60,193, ATCC, Wesel, Germany) were determined using the method as presented previously [35 (link)]. The emulsion of the extract was prepared in eight different concentrations (195–12,500 µg/mL). The inoculum concentration was 108 CFU/mL. The process of emulsification was prepared with water-based MH and oil-based hemp-ginger extract. Emulsification was made with Tween 80 (T80) emulsifying agent at room temperature with a rotor-stator homogenizer (Homogenizer, Polytron Pt1200, Kinematica AG, Luzern, Switzerland). The extract suspension in MH was homogenized at 70,000 g. The microdilution procedure was evaluated by the pentaplicates repeatability procedure and by the blue resazurin colour that indicated the presence of bacteria. It was also evaluated with the negative and positive controls.
5
Bacterial Strain Acquisition for Research
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) ATCC 13311, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 29213, Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) ATCC 49619 and Tureperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) ATCC 19411 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).
6
Gram-negative Bacterial Growth Inhibition
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Gram-negative bacterial strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were purchased from ATCC (International Center for Authentification, Storage and Production of Microorganisms and Cell Lines, Manassas, Virginia, USA). The bacterial-growth-inhibition method was applied according to Nita-Lazar et al., (2016) [30 ]. Briefly, the bacterial strains were grown at 37 °C for 24 h on a solid nutrient medium (casein soya bean digest agar, Oxoid, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK). One single colony of each bacterial strain was transferred to a sodium lauryl sulfate growing medium (LB) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C under mild mixing (130 rpm) (New Brunswick Scientific Innova 44, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). A bacterial density of 0.2 OD600nm was incubated for up to 24 h in the presence of Mix 1 serial dilutions from 1890 mg/L (C1 100%), 945 mg/L (C2 50%), 472.5 mg/L (C3 25%), 236 mg/L (C4 12.5%) and 118 mg/L (C5 6.25%) SO42−.
The inhibitory effect assessments of Mix 1 on the Gram-negative bacterial strains were expressed as LID (the lowest dilution at which no effect was observed), LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) and EC20 or EC50 (the effective concentration that inhibited the growth of 20% or 50% of the bacterial strain’s population).
The inhibitory effect assessments of Mix 1 on the Gram-negative bacterial strains were expressed as LID (the lowest dilution at which no effect was observed), LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration) and EC20 or EC50 (the effective concentration that inhibited the growth of 20% or 50% of the bacterial strain’s population).
7
E. coli Strain Preparation and Urine Media
8
Photocatalytic Disinfection of E. coli
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The antimicrobial experiments were conducted with Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC®25922). The prepared photocatalysts were treated with ultrasound for 2 h and subsequently disinfected at 120 °C for 40 min. The catalyst (5 mg L−1) was suspended in a 10 mL E. coli culture medium and illuminated under a 350 W xenon lamp. During photocatalytic antimicrobial experiments, 1 mL suspensions were withdrawn at a scheduled interval and solutions were first serially diluted and coated again on solid LB medium. The viable cell density was counted after incubation at 37 °C for 24 h. Each set of experiments was conducted in triplicates and the average was calculated.
9
Virulent E. coli from Frigate Cloaca
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E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers ATCC® 25922™ (ATCC, USA) and strains 31/1A, 35A, and 51A, obtained from frigate (Fregata magnificens) cloaca, were used in the biological assays. Isolated bacteria were previously classified according to their virulence/resistance phenotypes (Table-1 ) [7 (link)].
10
Isolation and Identification of XDR-Acinetobacter baumannii
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XDR-A. baumannii strains were isolated from clinical specimens collected in three tertiary hospitals affiliated to Shandong University (Qilu Hospital, Jinan Central Hospital and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital; all in Jinan, China) from November 2014 to December 2015. For patients from whom A. baumannii strains were isolated more than once, only one strain from each patient was included. VITEK® 2 microbial analysis instruments were used to identify the XDR-A. baumannii isolates (bioMérieux, Inc., Marcy l'Etoile, France). The Kirby-Bauer method (8 ) was applied to re-evaluate the strains to meet the criteria for XDR-A. baumannii (4 (link)). As a result, a total of 50 strains were included, of which 36 strains were from sputum, 5 from lavages, 3 from blood, 3 from skin wounds or surgical incisions of skin, 2 from cerebrospinal fluid and 1 from urine. ATCC 25922 and ATCC 27853 were used as quality controls (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA). The Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University approved the present study (approval no. KYLL-2017-612). All patients provided written informed consent.
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