Lead 2 oxide

Lead(II) oxide (>99.0%), hydroiodic acid (57%), hypo‐phosphorous acid solution (50 wt%), and n‐butylamine (99.5%) were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich. Methylammonium iodide (99.5%) was obtained from MACKLIN. All the chemicals were used as received.

Choline chloride (ChCl) (≥98%, 67-48-1), dl-malic acid (MA) (≥98%, 6915-15-7), dl-thiomalic acid (TMA) (>98.0%, 70-49-5), dl-lactic acid (LA) (90% solution in water, 50-21-5), dl-thiolactic acid (TLA) (>97.0%, 79-42-5), glycolic acid (GA) (≥99%, 79-14-1), thioglycolic acid (TGA) (≥98%, 68-11-1), cadmium(ii) oxide (99.5%, 1306-19-0), cobalt(ii) oxide (99.99%, 1307-96-6ý), nickel(ii) oxide (99.8%, 1313-99-1), lead(ii) oxide (99.999%, 1317-36-8), iron(ii) oxide (99.7%, 1345-25-1), iron(ii, iii) mixed oxide (98%, 1309-37-1), zinc(ii) oxide (99.99%, 1314-13-2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Espoo, Finland). dl-Dithiothreitol (DTT) (>99%, 3483-12-3) was purchased from Apollo Scientific (Manchester, United Kingdom). Lithium cobalt(iii) oxide (≥98%, 12 190-79-3ý) and gold(iii) oxide (99%, 1303-58-8) were purchased from STREM (Helsinki, Finland). Copper(ii) oxide (≥97.5%, 1317-39-1ý) was purchased from VWR (Helsinki, Finland). Copper(i) oxide (99.7%, 1317-39-1ý), and silver(i) oxide (>99.0%, 20667-12-3) were purchased from Fluka AG (Bucks, Switzerland). Choline chloride and lactic acid were dried prior to use. Choline chloride was dried at high vacuum for at least 24 h prior to use. All the other chemicals were used without further purification.

N,N′‐Bis(3‐methylphenyl)‐N,N′‐diphenylbenzidine (TPD), butylamine (BA), phenylethylamine (PEA), methylamine hydrochloride (MACl), lead (II) oxide, hydrobromic acid (HBr), hypophosphorous acid (H₃PO₂), 2,2′,2″‐(1,3,5‐benzinetriyl)‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1‐H‐benzimidazole)(TPBi), and dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich and used as received. Calibrated silicon diode (FDS100‐Cal, Thor Labs), Ocean Optics (USB 4000), Kiethley 236, and Keithley 2400 were used for current voltage characteristics and radiance measurement.

Acetone (99.5%), diphenyl phosphine (98%), hexane (mixture of isomers, 98.5%), 2-hexyldecanoic acid (96%), lead(II) oxide (PbO, 99%), methanol (99.8%), 1-octadecene (technical grade, 90%), oleic acid (90%), oleylamine (>98% primary amine), 2-propanol (99.5%), tetrabutylammonium iodide (98%), triethylamine (99%), and trifluoroacetic anhydride (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile (HPLC Grade) and trifluoroacetic acid were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Trioctylphosphine (97%) was purchased from Strem. Trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe) were prepared by mixing Se metal into trioctylphoshpine and stirring overnight to prepare a 1M solution. Diphenylphosphine selenide was prepared according to the procedure of Evans et al. (2010 (link)). oleic acid was recrystallized according to the procedure of Arudi et al. (1983 (link)).

Lead(II) oxide (PbO > 99%), lead(II) iodide (PbI₂ > 99%), 3-(aminomethyl)piperidine (3AMP), 4-(aminomethyl)piperidine (4AMP), benzylamine, hypophosphorous acid (H₃PO₂), N,N’-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diethyl ether (DEE) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used without further purification. Phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) was purchased from GreatCell Solar, and hydroiodic acid (HI, 55–58%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar.