Poly vinyl alcohol pva

The rice grains were obtained from Sekinchan, Sabak Bernam, Selangor, Malaysia, and the rice starch was extracted as documented in our previous work [36 (link)]. The total starch content determined using the total starch assay kit (Megazyme International, Bray, Ireland) is 84.3 g/100 g rice starch. The amylose content of the rice starch estimated using an iodometric method [39 ] is 20.8 g/100 g rice starch, while the amylopectin content (difference between total starch and amylose content) is 63.5 g/100 g rice starch. PCM was obtained from Euro Chemo-Pharma, Perai, Penang, Malaysia. Sorbitol was obtained from R&M Chemicals, London, UK. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (molecular weight = 115,000) was obtained from VWR^® International, Radnor, PA, USA. To prepare simulated saliva fluid, 2.38 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.19 g monopotassium phosphate and 8 g of sodium chloride were dissolved in 1 L of distilled water, and the solution pH was adjusted to 6.80 by 1 M hydrochloric acid. All other reagents were of analytical grade.

Centella asiatica (CA) was supplied from a Portuguese botanic shop (CHÁ HUNOS, Lda., Portugal) without any additives. Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cells were purchased from ATCC—American Type Culture Collection. Polycaprolactone (PCL) (MW 80.000 g/mol), Chitosan (CS) (low molecular weight) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) (MW 115.000 g/mol) was purchased from VWR Chemicals. Ethanol absolute, Chloroform, Dimethylformamide (DMF), and Glacial acetic acid were purchased from Fisher Chemical. Nutrient agar (NA), Nutrient broth (NB), and Agar for microbiology were provided from Fluka. Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth was obtained from Panreac. Mueller Hinton broth (MHB), Tween 80, Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Trypsin, and 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were bought from Sigma-Aldrich. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. All solvents were used as received from the manufacturer.

Kombucha Original Bio, a commercial beverage that contains live bacteria and yeast species able to produce bacterial cellulose (BC) [52 (link)], was obtained from Freshness Diagonal, Lda (Freshness Diagonal, Lda, Montijo, Portugal). Poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA (115,000 g/mol) was purchased from VWR Chemicals (VWR Chemicals, Leuven, Belgium). Glacial acetic acid, sodium chloride (NaCl), ethanol, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate were provided by Fisher Scientific (Fisher Scientific, Leicestershire, UK). Chitosan (CH) (low molecular weight), sodium hydroxide, peptone, Nutrient Agar (NA), Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHI), hydrochloric acid (HCl), glycerol, glucose monohydrate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO), sodium bromide (NaBr), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Agar-agar was acquired from Labkem (Labkem, Barcelona, Spain).

Chelidoniummajus L. (C. majus) was bought from a Portuguese botanic shop. Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cells were acquired from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA). Polycaprolactone (PCL) (MW 80,000 g/mol) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) (MW 115,000 g/mol) was obtained from VWR Chemicals (Geldenaaksebaan, Leuven, Belgium). Pectin (PEC) was purchased from Acros Organics (Fisher Scientific, Göteborg, Sweden). Chloroform (analytical grade), Dimethylformamide (DMF) (analytical grade), and ethanol absolute were acquired from Fisher Chemical (Leicestershire, UK). Nutrient agar (NA), Nutrient broth (NB), and agar for microbiology were bought from Fluka (Barcelona, Spain). Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth was purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Sodium chloride (NaCl), Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB), tween 80, trypsin, fetal bovine serum (FBS), 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) anhydrous ≥99.9% were provided from Sigma-Aldrich. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany). All solvents were used as received without further purification.