Oxalic acid dihydrate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Oxalic acid dihydrate is a laboratory chemical compound that serves as a source of oxalic acid. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water and commonly used in various scientific applications.

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Oxalic acid (224 citations) Oxalic (22 citations)

20 protocols using oxalic acid dihydrate

Analytical Evaluation of Chemical Compounds

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Acetic acid (sigma-aldrich; 99.7%), benzoic acid (sigma-aldrich; 99.5%), oxalic acid dihydrate (sigma-aldrich; 99.5%), salicylic acid (merck & Co; 99.5%), 2-propanol (sigma-aldrich; 99.5%), acetone (sigma-aldrich; 99.5%), ammonium thiocyanate (sigma-aldrich; 99.5%), cobalt chloride (sigma-aldrich; 98%) have been utilized, as received.

Irshad A., Atif M., Ghani A., Ali B., Ahmad S.A, & Alex M. (2023). Experimental evaluation of cobalt adsorption capacity of walnut shell by organic acid activation. Scientific Reports, 13, 7356.

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Synthesis of Sodium D-Galactonate from Calcium Salt

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To our knowledge, the only commercially available form of D-galactonate is the insoluble calcium salt. We therefore used previously reported methods to produce the Na⁺ salt from Ca²⁺ D-galactonate [54 , 55 (link)]. Briefly, 10 g Ca²⁺ D-galactonate (City Chemical, West Haven, CT) was resuspended in 100 ml water. An equimolar amount of oxalic acid dihydrate (2.93 g; Sigma, Burlington, MA) was added to the mixture and stirred for 10 minutes at 55°C. The precipitated calcium oxalate was then separated from aqueous D-galactonic acid by filtration under vacuum through 0.22 μm nylon. Sodium hydroxide was titrated into the solution to pH 7. Absolute ethanol was added in a 3:1 (v/v) ratio, the mixture stored at 4°C overnight, and the resulting crystalline precipitate removed by filtration and washed with absolute ethanol. The precipitate was dried for 24 hours in a vacuum desiccator. The resulting crystalline Na⁺ D-galactonate was then stored at room temperature for subsequent use. The crystalline precipitate was analyzed by ¹H-NMR using a Bruker 400 mHz Avance III HD spectrometer, confirming the purity of Na⁺ D-galactonate.

Leano J.B., Batarni S., Eriksen J., Juge N., Pak J.E., Kimura-Someya T., Robles-Colmenares Y., Moriyama Y., Stroud R.M, & Edwards R.H. (2019). Structures suggest a mechanism for energy coupling by a family of organic anion transporters. PLoS Biology, 17(5), e3000260.

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Graphene Oxide Composite Synthesis

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Ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO_3, 99.0%), oxalic acid dihydrate (C₂H₂O₄ × 2H₂O, 97.0%), and methylene blue (MB > 98%) were obtained from Sigma‒Aldrich and used without further purification. Deionized water was used in all experiments (conductivity < 0,06 μS/cm). Graphene oxide (GO) employed in the composite synthesis was prepared using the modified Hummers method ^{69 (link)}. Potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇, ≥ 99.0%) and ammonium oxalate (AO, ≥ 99%) were purchased from Merck. Benzoquinone (BQ, > 98%) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA, > 99.5%) were received from CheMondis.

Nadolska M., Szkoda M., Trzciński K., Ryl J., Lewkowicz A., Sadowska K., Smalc-Koziorowska J, & Prześniak-Welenc M. (2023). New light on the photocatalytic performance of NH4V4O10 and its composite with rGO. Scientific Reports, 13, 3946.

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Lanthanide Complexes Synthesis

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Europium(III) nitrate hydrate Eu(NO₃)₃⋅H₂O, terbium(III) nitrate pentahydrate Tb(NO₃)₃⋅5H₂O, oxalic acid dihydrate (COOH)₂⋅2H₂O, and anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification.

Alzard R.H., Siddig L.A., Saleh N., Nguyen H.L., Nguyen Q.A., Ho T.H., Bui V.Q., Sethupathi K., Sreejith P.K, & Alzamly A. (2022). A new mode of luminescence in lanthanide oxalates metal–organic frameworks. Scientific Reports, 12, 18812.

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Synthesis of Tin Oxalate and Germanium Dioxide

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Fumed silica powder (0.007 μm), sodium
hydroxide (≥ 98%), tin(II) chloride dihydrate (98%), and oxalic
acid dihydrate (≥ 99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Tin(II)
oxalate (98%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Amorphous germanium dioxide
was obtained from Gerald Wise & Co. Ltd. (now defunct).

Parsons D.S., Nearchou A, & Hriljac J.A. (2022). Crystal Structures of a Cubic Tin(II) Germanate, α-Sn6GeO8, and a Tetragonal Tin(II) Silicate, γ-Sn6SiO8. Inorganic Chemistry, 61(37), 14695-14704.

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Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures

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Vanadium (V) oxide (V₂O₅, ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), oxalic acid dihydrate (HO₂CCO₂H·2H₂O, ≥ 99%, ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich), ethyl cellulose (EC, Sigma-Aldrich), terpineol (ACS reagent, Sigma-Aldrich), and ethanol (>99%, Sigma-Aldrich) were used as received without further purification.

Li W., Vaseem M., Yang S, & Shamim A. (2020). Flexible and reconfigurable radio frequency electronics realized by high-throughput screen printing of vanadium dioxide switches. Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 6, 77.

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Tin-based Electrochemical Sensing Platform

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0.5 mm thick
tin (Sn) sheets with 99.998% purity were obtained from Goodfellow
UK. Ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂, 99.999%
purity), cupric chloride (CuCl₂, 99.995%), sodium hydroxide
(NaOH, 98%), oxalic acid dihydrate (C₂H₂O₄·2H₂O, 99%), sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₂, 99.99%), N-hydroxy succinimide
(C₄H₅NO₃, 98%), sodium acetate (CH₃COONa, 99.0%), sodium dihydrogen sulfate (NaH₂SO₄, 99.7%), disodium hydrogen sulfate (Na₂HSO₄, 99.9%), acetic acid (CH₃COOH, 99.5%), sodium
carbonate (Na₂CO₃, 99.5%), sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO₃, 99.8%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 38% purity), acetone,
ethanol, and methanol were bought from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Creatinine
was obtained from the Sigma-Aldrich, USA, while other biospecies like
cholesterol, l-cysteine, ascorbic acid (AA), glucose (Glu),
uric acid (UA), and urea were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Regent
Co., Ltd., China. All the chemicals were used without further processing.
De-ionized (DI) water was utilized throughout out the experiments.

Ullah H., Ahmad R., Khan A.A., Lee N.E., Lee J., Shah A.U., Khan M., Ali T., Ali G., Khan Q, & Cho S.O. (2022). Anodic SnO2 Nanoporous Structure Decorated with Cu2O Nanoparticles for Sensitive Detection of Creatinine: Experimental and DFT Study. ACS Omega, 7(46), 42377-42395.

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Synthesis of Li-Ion Battery Materials

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Iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl₂·4H₂O, ≥99%), oxalic acid dihydrate (H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O, ≥99%), and lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃, ≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Li foil (thickness of ~100 μm), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE, 1 μm powder size), conductive carbon black, propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Kynar Flex 2801 (a copolymer based on polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF) binder was purchased from Arkema Group. The glass fiber separator (Whatman, 47 mm) was purchased from Shanghai Huanao Technology Ltd. All chemicals were used directly as received without further processing.

Yao W., Armstrong A.R., Zhou X., Sougrati M.T., Kidkhunthod P., Tunmee S., Sun C., Sattayaporn S., Lightfoot P., Ji B., Jiang C., Wu N., Tang Y, & Cheng H.M. (2019). An oxalate cathode for lithium ion batteries with combined cationic and polyanionic redox. Nature Communications, 10, 3483.

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Synthesis of Flexible Composite Electrodes

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Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O), cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O), oxalic acid dihydrate (H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O), acetylene black (AB), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), cellulose paper were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Ltd. All the chemicals were used as received without further purification. The deposition of thin films was carried out on the flexible stainless steel 300 mesh (FSSM-300) procured from Micromesh India Pvt. Ltd. Double distilled water (DDW) was used for preparing the solutions.

Kamble G.P., Kashale A.A., Rasal A.S., Mane S.A., Chavan R.A., Chang J.Y., Ling Y.C., Kolekar S.S, & Ghule A.V. (2021). Marigold micro-flower like NiCo2O4 grown on flexible stainless-steel mesh as an electrode for supercapacitors. RSC Advances, 11(6), 3666-3672.

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Electrodeposition of IrOx Thin Films

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Electrodeposition of IrOx films was carried out using cyclic voltammetry, where probe test pads were immersed in an iridium oxalate solution. This method was preferred over pulsed deposition because it produces uniform and well-adhered films [25 (link)]. The iridium oxalate solution, easy to make and store, was prepared following Yamanaka’s method [26 (link)]: IrCl₄ (ArtCraft Chemicals, Altamont, NY, USA) was mixed with water, followed by H₂O₂ (H325, Fisher Chemical, Vernon Hills, IL, USA) and oxalic acid dihydrate (247537, Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), and finally, the pH was adjusted with K₂CO₃ (P1472, Sigma Aldrich). This solution could be stored in a refrigerator for several months. Au/SiO₂ probes served as working electrodes for the deposition process, with Ag/AgCl electrodes as a reference and platinum wire as counter electrodes. The deposition settings on a commercial potentiostat involved voltage sweeps between −0.5 V and +0.7 V for 1000 cycles at a rate of 5 V/s, taking about 8 min per coating. The potentiostat was pre-checked and calibrated before each use. All glassware used for mixing and testing was thoroughly cleaned with a nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide mixture, followed by boiling water baths and nitrogen drying. Glassware was stored carefully to ensure cleanliness.

Marsh P., Huang M.H., Xia X., Tran I., Atanassov P, & Cao H. (2024). Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 24(3), 962.

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